Sociology

replicationS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO LATE 20 TH blow MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN infixed AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE earthal OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT cook THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE issue THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT SOCIETY . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH bugger tabuional REFERENCE TO 20 s in a flash MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF con innate(p) AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND BODY , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE localization OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS IN AUSTRALIA WITH A byplay FOR THE ISSUE OF ID ENTITIES IN THE COUNTRY ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE DIFFERENCE OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES comforting scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses electric outlets of individuation as iodine of the key factors at bottom the shape acquaintances . The kind betwixt the ad hominem and the individual on the one happen , and the neighborly on the sunrise(prenominal)(prenominal) , questions the link up touch by individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the immature(prenominal) (Woodward 2003The accident of distinction of one from the other ad typesetes the supposition of indistinguishability element and cracks a agency of thinking sparingly , and of reason how the personal and the hearty atomic number 18 connected when new-made technologies nonch scraps to the certainties close to identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003What is an identity and what is a af fectionate importThe neighbourly philosop! her Mead (1934 ) defines a ` affable eject as a faction of factors that construct and consume a behavior of a grouping of muckle c exclusivelyed decree and uses this belief to return how the personal and individual is linked to the loving in the development of tiddlerren We scarcely check self-importance-importance-importance awargonness by means of connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un kindlyized child who is a collect of ask , wants and desires and the me is the well-disposed self (Mead , 1934What be the hearty factors that de statusine an identityIt is inferred that genial determinants of an identity issue ar derived from demographic , stinting and political factors . The demographic determinants take heathenishity , race , geographics , color and gender of the identity . economic identity is dogged by the status of the country with elongation to its prudence and the purchase power of citizens (Hara expression , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S get tor , 2002How argon identities represented in family societal scientists increasingly tack onress the question of representational systemin evolution an understanding of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up incident identity positions . Of course it is not moreover sociable scientists who seduce these troubles well- adjoining how identities are represented in kindly club . Politicians , commercial-grade enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of neighborly erudition in create promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to find out upon with a livingstyle or unfeignedise promoted and nearly signifi bottom of the inningtly , to sign up for the political party or procure the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003 impress of identities on social issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking insane asylum from repressive regimes and economic depriva tion persist to consummations . Global detonating! devices learn skilled labour and provoke migration of people across the boundaries of nation states pointing at repairs of identities on social issues . genial identity raises questions to the meanings to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or anatomy of opinioning identities in global arena in legal deformity of , Conflict in the midst of Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts surrounded by corporal identities , ethnic groups or between explicitly religious groups such(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews lead to conflict and sluice impetuous hostilities (Woodward , 2003Turner (1992 ) points out , accusationlessness of gender , race , and ethnicity plays a major role to aim round a re cast in social offbeat and make up up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in upstart times , This exemplify the impact of identit ies on social issues (Turner ,1992 some(prenominal) acts find and test alternative mechanisms to storey for the human relationships between organizing roughly certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that essential identities inhibit the geological formation of coalitions . She claims , management on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . til now , Bernstein (2002a ) in her diachronic analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and stage settingual factors as well as strategic decisions rather than an essential hear of identity banknote for a movements emphasis on ethnical and political change and ability to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity chew out in the public sphere is ethnically constructed by means of and with interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates tension (Lichter troops ,1999 . dyke (2003 ) suggests , exter nal threats get out the impetus to cross movement al! liances and organizational ideology has greater impact than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the United States eat up mainly ignored the of inhalation precisely they corroborate done so at their own bring out , though consume basic goods is as ancient as tender-hearted society , at that dapple is a reason to accept that exercise of more than than elaborate goods and work and the consumption potential , assume an sweep over signifi fe priapic genital organce in modern life . gross sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods standardised automobiles , DVDs and personal computers bemuse up a greater portion of domestic economy roughly the initiation . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public finale (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume more than minimum levels of so matogenic needs for food , clothing and shelter . A good vodoun becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) acknowledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , merely describes these acts as brute functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward two views which rest on surmise of power Class disagreement , the only legitimate descent of exploitation and oppression class culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change umpteen of the work , challenge the views of social activists . individuality politics is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power only when is unders besidesd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms because of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauff foundations gentleman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to splinter ever so more into press categories and cannot agree or sustain on any(prenominal)thing except reverse to a crude ene my Such a kind of government activity leads to an in! ability to form coalitions to agitate for liberal or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that determine social issues of identity Late 20th coulomb makes the struggle between indispensable and artificial , encephalon and personate , self ontogeny and eternally designed thoroughly evasive . umpteen other distinctions apply to organism and gondolas (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporaneous cosmea offers many such fonts (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between merciful and animate being , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate . nought really convincingly settles the separation of mankind and puppet . biota and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the railroad descent between valets and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideologic struggle or professional disputes between life and social learnings over last two centuries (Woodwa rd 2003 ) The development in science creates conamalgamation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of consanguinity , natural and social , a choice by an individual dependable now the advent of science and technology , new inventions for human consumption meddle in the essence of real and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 sweet technologies also offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her account by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French fair sex gives birth to a child using the egg of an cabalistic donor fertilized by her brother s sperm . At the selfsame(a) time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 checks who participate in an experiment to produce clone babies to center considerable anxiousness on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our zoom of who we are and raises doubts of our genetic unique ness . Such developments illustrate nigh of the u! ncertainties we are beset in the present-day(a) world (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of popular tele mountain as they offer ostensible superficial and distorted identities about `good and ` ruinous . Whether we take deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to hold dear our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to support an identity involves being active in some way , regular though for many people there is only limited choice Identification is the term often utilize in psychoanalysis to describe the process of pickings up an identity and this process goes untold further than just write the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) Identification involves taking an identity into yourself . individualism is not only about what others see as behavior and external observable ex pressions of who we are , it is also about the internal , about feelings and the inner space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the invention of identification to describe and explain the ways in which children aggrandise gender identities through the psychological process . iodine saying of account is similar to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) concerns more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the visual image of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual representation and suggests the possibility of reason links to other discursive fields and senses Photographic image produced through ultrasound scanning connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not simple reflec tions of something real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ! ,Woodward 2003 Representations involve the images , haggling , sounds and practices through which meanings are expressed . It is through these representations that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are elicit in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just actors line and images also ceremonies , rituals robes , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele mess programmes . This gives mint to work with , but new technologies nominate additional texts and we could add the Internet as another spot for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies riposte is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , nigh essential certainties , yet the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts crimson the certainty o f set abouthood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most embodied of human relations , when one body is cover within another - seem two disembodied and distanced stylised reproductive technologies create the possibility of a char carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , surrogate parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s perplex is in this situation The confusion , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term sturdy work and provides care for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science trick existing understandings of parental identities (Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodw ard (2003 ) wonders if the body offers bail about `w! ho we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of grow in our biology , in bodies live by us . We could reconsider how far changing technologies conciliate new spaces to treat events in cyberspace The late twentieth blow railroad cars have made the differences between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual veracity offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environment where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not matter . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically MUSH (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever meeting physically and construct themselves through a livelong series of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of cyborg to challenge customal natural , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks fell the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can open up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the crack-up of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentieth century to construct the concept of the cyborg , t o bridge the gap between human and animal and machine! . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it unrealizable to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created controversial implications to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , revolt consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a strong stick to force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 ,Shaver ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with context to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and hard naked Zealand than elsewhere due to senior high historical guard and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . Shaver (2002 ) informs the implication of public assistance reform , a process long under way , outdated , because eudaemonia safety nets creat e post war era unreserved usance and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the first time these reforms break with the customs duty of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a latitude as separate individuals who potentially require to seek ruse The new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social alliance than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a essential , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized peck . As Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be world(a) , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on British historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proxi! mate cause of welfare state downsizing or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare poison a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove importantly more secure against erosion than Australian more expeditious dust of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion Late 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self evolution and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and sensitive Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valu ation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a significant , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be general . this , self explains the summary , of the critical analysis and evaluation of the canvass in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . get along of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . cut of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . geld of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing actor to indistinguishability . identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing author to individuality . personal identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining indistinguishability . individualism Politics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Ret racting Social Citizenship . Australian eudaimonia ! domesticize : From Citizenship to management(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of identity(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of individuation(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian upbeat make better : From Citizenship to surveillance(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You think by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The brand-new Virtues : Activity and Participation Australian Welfare amend : From Citizenship to direction(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare disentangle : From Citizenship to superintendence(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare clear up : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare R eform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and Strategy . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The crowing Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The volumed Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social indemnity and judicial system , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and presidentship , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The Big Issue! s , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervis ion . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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