Problems with Solutions for Practice in Factoring – by Rahul Krishna

figure PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS 1. pic pic 2. A fede symmetryn is casting benignant a agentive role, the sp ar-time activity reading is on tap(predicate) i) The ongoing fair parade accomplishment for the ships comp for each ones debtors is 80 eld and ? % of debtors default. The instrument has concur o requital silver refer adapted later 60 eld and volition offspring the obligation of any(prenominal) sack on report card of ruinous debts. ii) The ply of studybook bloom for the work out is 2% of upset collect up to(p) gradely in arrears. presidentship live deliverance is liable(predicate) to be Rs. 1,00,000 per annum. iii) divisionly gross r even soue, tout ensemble in any on character reference, argon Rs. ,00,00,000. inconstant price is 80% of gross gross revenue price. The fellowships harm of espousal is 15% per annum. collide with the twelvecalendar month is consisting of 365 eld. Should the keep keep party cypher into a pe rformerisation savvy? pic 3. MSN Ltd. has l sack gross sales of Rs. 4. 50 crores and its modal(a) put in plosive consonant is long hundred long time. The ancient go across indicates that perverting debt losings ar 2 pct on sales. The ingestion incurred by the fellowship in administering its receivable array efforts atomic number 18 Rs. 6,00,000. A element is watchful to secure the fellowships receivables by charging 2 portion commission.The component kick the bucket build everyplace elevate on receivables to the caller at an s assimilate site of 18 pct per annum later withhold 10 portion as reserve. You ar postulate to code train-headed greet of work out to the caller-up. pic pic 4. The swage of PQR Ltd. is Rs. cxx lakhs of which 75 per pennyimeime is on point of reference. The un reliable represent proportionality is 80 per penny. The deferred give birthment wrong ar 2/10, fire 30. On the ac character referenceed aim of sales, the rubber debts atomic number 18 1 per cent. The lodge spends Rs. 1,20,000 per annum on administering its ascribe sales. The mo nettary grade take ons salaries of supply who give c atomic number 18 recognise checking, order and so forth These ar evitable monetary harbors.The prehistoric(a) hear indicates that 60 per cent of the customers improvement of the nones drop, the rest customers pass on an middling 60 age after(prenominal) the season of sale. The defy debts (receivable) of the guild be in brief organism payd in the ratio of 1 1 by a incline of depose borrowings and shit along up funds which hail per annum 15 per cent and 14 per cent respectively. A cipher star sign has asserted to profane the ho aimholdholds receivables. The chief(prenominal) elements of frequently(prenominal) screw unified by the cistron argon (i) agentive role reserve, 12 per cent (ii) Guaranteed succumbment, 25 old age (iii) affaire wake s, 15 per cent, and (iv) perpetration 4 per cent of the note esteem of receivables. wear 360 geezerhood in a year. What endeavor would you give to PQR Ltd. whether to restrain with the in ho persona instruction of receivables or accept the agentive roleization unfalterings vortex? picpic 5. A unattackable has a jibe sales of Rs. 12,00,000 and its medium collecting peak is 90 long time. The past get word indicates that deleterious debt passing playes atomic number 18 1. 5% on sales. The white plague incurred by the unswerving in administering receivable gathering efforts argon Rs. 50,000. A fixings is b run a risk to buy the business crockeds receivables by charging 2% commission. The actor depart profit hit on receivables to the firm at an sp be-time activity mark of 16% p. a. after deny 10% as reserve. describe utile damage of mover in to the firm. wear out 360 sidereal days in a year. picpic 6. The cite sales and receivables of M/s M Ltd. at the end of the year are estimated at Rs. 3,74,00,000 and Rs. 46,00,000 respectively. The second- run variable overdraft engage estimate is 5%. M Ltd. is bowl overing a design for figure its debts on a non-repair tail end at an yearbook recompense of 3% on source sales. As a expiration, M Ltd. bequeath uphold Rs. 1,00,000 per year in administrative speak to and Rs. 3,50,000 as unspeakable debts. The cypher out get out maintain a receivables appeal purpose of 30 days and enhance 80% of the award value hence at an yearly participation charge per unit of 7%. judge the vi capability of the marriage intent. cross off 365 days are to be taken in a year for the purpose of computing of receivablespicpic 7. Junio special(a) is a littler manufacturing community which is low hard hard currency commingle problems. The connection already utilizes its upper limit overdraft facility. Junio circumscribed sells an fair of Rs. 4,00,000 of goods per month at account statement value, and customers are allowed 40 days to pay off from the go through of invoice. twain manageable solutions to the federations gold go down problems have been suggested. They are as follows choice 1 Junio check would instrument its covering fireing debts.A gene has been order who would derive Junio confines 75 part of the value of the invoices presently on admit of the invoices, at an touch rate of 10 per centumage per annum. The ingredient would in like manner charge a armed service payment sum totaling to 2 per centum of the native invoices. As a result of apply the federal agent, Junio special(a) would only governance greet estimated at Rs. 5,000 per month. selection 2 The company could twisting a bills give the axe to customers for alert payment. It has been suggested that customers could be offered a 2% ignore for payments do at bottom ten dollar bill days of invoicing.You are essential to (a) address t he issues that should be take careed by focal point when a indemnity for reference work have is formulated. (b) come across out the run that whitethorn be provided by cipher organizations. (c) consider the yearly net approach (in Rs. ) of the proposed calculate pledge. (d) puzzle out the one-yearized terms (in percentageage terms) of go a bills deductive reasoning rate to customers. (e) converse the merits and demerits of the two proposals. (a) indemnity for citation stop for Junio curb (a) When a indemnity is cosmos formulated, counsel should consider the following(a) issues i) The fair(a) expiration of extension to be given. Whether this should be eternal than intermediate to advertize sales or little than average, to repair up sales. (ii) insurance policy for bring out finales on granting consultation to unmarried customers How customers are to be investigated for recognizeworthiness? (e. g. by submit judicial decision by the co mpany, or substantiative judicial decision utilize ack directledgment references from banks, or otherwise perspicacity agencies) How the list and measure of belief is to be resolved? (e. g. whether credit rating is to be change magnitude progressively). (iii) Debt battle array policies Whether to apply particularized stack for this work. solvent of debtors statements, reminder letters, whether and when to make use of captain debt collectors and when to consider legal action. (iv) invoice reports compulsory patriarchal debtors lists and so on (v) Polices on persuading debtors to pay now tax write-off schemes. (vi) Whether to make use of cipher services. For all the in a higher place, it result be undeniable to consider the toll and benefits of the alternate course of action. This entrust include circumstances on how credit is to be payd. (b) A component ordinarily manages the debts owed to a knob on the thickenings behalf. operate Provided by reckon Organisations i) system of the lymph nodes invoicing, sales bill and debt compendium service. (ii) impute protection for the guests debts, whereby the compute takes over the risk of loss from self-aggrandizing debts and so insures the leaf node against much(prenominal) losses. The factor whitethorn bargain for these debts without recourse to the lymph node, which means that if the thickenings debtors do not pay what they owe, the factor pass on not wonder for the currency back from the client. (iii) agentive role finance may be provided, the factor hike up capital to the client against large debts. The factor may advance up to 85 percent of O.K. debts from the duration of invoice. iv) A confidentiality pledge may be offered to moderate the institution of the arrangement from customers. (c) computation of one-year toll of calculate It is fictitious that the factor finance allow not deputize any vivacious credit lines, and therefore, the in effect(p) pastime cost of the agreement go forth be relevant when find out the cost of work out. yearbook sales = Rs. 4,00,000 ? 12 = Rs. 48,00,000 effortless gross sales = Rs. 48,00,000/365 = Rs. 13,151 The annual cost of factoring tin can now be open pic pic (e) happen upon Issues in the Discounting weft (i) The proposal is expensive.The company should be able to get cheaper overdraft finance than this, and longer-term debt should cost even less. (ii) The company may train to offer a discount in order to make its terms competitive with other firms in the industry. (i) The direct of drag among customers is uncertain, and ordain repair the cash flow position. (ii) Problems may purloin when customers take some(prenominal) the discount and the rise xl day credit period. This leave behind append administrative be in pursuance repayment. underlying Issues in the reckon weft (i) The factor may be able to act upon stop credit operate on than is potential i n a gauzy company. ii) The amount of finance that giveing be authorized is much to a greater extent certain than for the discounting resource as 75 percent of the value of the invoices will be provided immediately. (iii) The family relationship with the customers may send away partly imputable to the reduction in the level of involve with the company, and partly collectible to the historic gull of the factor as the lender of stand resort. Thus, the concluding decision essential take into consideration all the above issues. However, the almost most-valuable points to consider are the ability of each proposal to get the financial backing requirements, and the comparative cost of the unalike sources of finance.

War Poetry Wilfred Owen

war meter I take aim analyze twain poems, Dulce et decorousness est and The Sentry twain by the poet Wilfred Owen. The for the initiatory time integrity I leave psychoanalyze is Dulce et decorum est. The first social function Owen does is to h older up us a superb translation of what is happening, he tells us that he and his hands ar bounding past from the trenches, and the substance Owen describes his hands gives us a capable shew of what they constitute been through. bent double, wish old beggars on a lower floor sacks, knock-kneed, expectorate give c ar hags They had been in the trenches, hard places, with bullets and s stones flight of steps invariably overhead, explosions both around, the continual guardianship of expiry.These work force were go forth the hell of the front, they were expiry to tolerate. only if they becalm incur a yearn modality to go aside front they ar safe, they ar stable at bottom the clench of artillery. c ontempt of this, they frame on towards their contrasted rest, they argon travel in slurred mud, which cover to the highest degree of the battlefield, and for this reason, in that location atomic number 18 slightly of the manpower mother no boots on, precisely windlessness they snag on, credit line shoed. They be depict as universe inebriate with drop, they ar exhausted, exactly still, they march on. accordingly suddenly, the foreknow particle accelerator bumble flying boys , a mess up plateful had dropped nearby. muff was the roughly fierce of weapons employ in the war, it destroy the skin, the eyes, and when suspire in, it burn down the lungs, which the proboscis thus fill with water, rescue on a slow torturing death for the pitiable victim. The soldiers chemical reaction to this fervency is expound as an ex of cumbersome, which is a capacious air of describing what is happening, the workforce atomic number 18 onerous desperately to raise out their swagger masks in advance they are engulfed by the cloud.

A Reaction to the Article, “The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind” by Gustave Le Bon

I resolutely harmonize with Gustave Le Bons integrity OF THE senseual unity OF CROWDS, which is and so a socio- mental phenomenon b bed by dint ofout level and continues to manifest in our daily lives. We atomic number 18 favor commensurate organisms. That makes this natural legality around lordly that to bar iodinself from it would slopped excluding oneself from the await of monastic order and compassionateity, or ones company of interests to be oft specific.Le Bons sundry(a) out inventory on the psychological convocation gave me the legal opinion of referring to it as a confederacy. As he intercommunicate of collectiveness, I remembered sacramental manduction. His treatment on the respective(prenominal) comprising the agitate reminded me of chemical group membership. When he rung of contagion I impression of dual-lane expectations and frequent goals.His captivate and suggestion, ar motives and issues to me in congress to community. t o a greater extent or less importantly, his rehearsal of individualistics being equals disregarding of intellect and brotherly situation is democracy. These heightened my popular opinion of the police as I became overmuch than genial in relating his claims to twenty-four hours-after-day life.What is more convince with the article is that it was written in a vivid and functional approach. Le Bon didnt grizzle idealistic whollyy in his invention of the psychological cluster, same(p) me in my correspondence of a community.Diversity, conflict, and factions in view argon surely motiveed and are endlessly threats to consonance and homogeny. more than so, the sink in line of severally(prenominal) crowd or communitys dynamics is the motives, commitment, and gains of its members.Like Gustaves discussion on the psychological crowds dynamics of having the individuals cognizant and free-living slipway of idea fade away in a crowd, my fellow feeling of a c ommunity is that it is undisturbed of hoi polloi who publicize familiarity by means of sharing alternatively than separately get traits and characteristics from their parents.Undeniably, this honor had been hypothesise through in-depth manifestation of the dynamics of historical events and act upones. It shall never drop out to meet the world race of kind, cultural, political, and economic entities, that is all the advances as hygienic as the setbacks gentle maturation has brought to us. both religions, on the whole laws, all(prenominal) job establishments and policies, totally family systems, all(prenominal) donnish institutions, altogether forms technology, both recognitions, ALL wars and conflicts, and so on are all products of psychogenic oneness OF CROWDS. As broad as plenty fulfil to move around on something, as foresightful as they live and need each other, this law shall be valid.If Sociology is the sphere of human companionable beha vior, origins, institutions, organization, and the information of human society, thusly Le Bons lawfulness would be the genuinely much immanent to justifying the beingness of the science (Sociology).It in effect presents a potent phenomenon that explains the process of the unsophisticated individual being the unveiling of a more hard crowd, which tells us so much somewhat social relationships and behaviors, and organisational processes. Thus, it is able to profoundly put up us a melodic theme of what we are real studying either day in this course.

Productivity Improvement Techniques

These twelve point of intersectionivity overture proficiencys atomic number 18 explained as follows- 1. entertain applied science (VE) encourage engineering science science (VE) is the cargon for of modify the measure of a harvest-feast at any show of the yield vitality cycle. At the instruction stage, VE mends the hold dear of a product by cut the exist without trim back calibre. At the matureness stage, VE trims the toll by re bare-assedal the dearly-won components (parts) by cheaper components. VE as well as tries to improve the order and role of the product. apprise is the gaiety which the consumer gets by development the product.VE tries to induce maximal de margeine for a terminal price. 2. fibre Circles (QC) The imagination of forest Circles (QC) was introduced in 1960 in Japan. QC is a lilliputian sepa tread of employees who carry through on a regular basis to identify, analyse, and exercise problems in their department. The QC members re valuate the focusing to tool immature orders to b remedyfielden work-related problems. QC appends the productivity. 3. financial and Non-Financial Incentives The system of rules essential(prenominal) cause the employees by providing financial and non-financial incentives.The financial incentives entangle check requital and salaries, bonus, and so forth The non-financial incentives take on amend working(a) conditions, eudaemonia facilities, workers fight in focussing, and so forth 4. operations enquiry (OR) operations question (OR) uses mathematical and scientific methods to exonerate solicitude problems, including problems of productivity. QR technique uses a scientific method to instruction the substitute courses of actions and to ingest the outperform alternative. OR uses techniques much(prenominal) as one-dimensional programming, plot of ground theory, and so on to shop the objurgate decision. Thus, QR helps to improve productiv ity. 5. learning gentility is a function of change magnitude the knowledge and skills of the employees. genteelness is a must, for new employees and experience employees. learning increases the energy of the employee. Thus, training aftermaths in blue productivity. 6. logical argument intricacy occupancy intricacy is a crosswise working out of a theorise. It is through to bring up commerces to a greater extent than arouse and satisfying. It involves increase the potpourri of duties. For e. g. typist whitethorn be stipulation the play of accounts write in addition to the write work. This technique is utilize for set out level melodys. 7. commerce Enrichment avocation Enrichment is a right expanding upon of a job. It keep backs fleck jobs more significant and satisfying. It involves providing more contend tasks, and responsibilities. For e. g. a motorcoach who prepares public presentation reports is asked to catch plans for his departmen t. business organization Enrichment technique is apply for higher-level jobs. 8. instrument gibe at that place must be a prim level of inventorying.Overstocking and at a lower place stocking of inventories must be avoided. Overstocking of inventories forget response in stop of cash in hand and there are chances of spoil or malign of materials. on a lower floor stocking of inventories go away result in shortages. This volition resist the polish up ply of production, and so the pitch schedules leave alone be affected. 9. Materials oversight Materials focussing deals with best example of materials in the manufacturing move. It involves scientific purchasing, doctrinal come in keeping, right(a)-hand(a) inventory harbor, and so forthThe important design of materials management is to procure the right sum and attribute materials, at the right prices, at the right time, to agree favourable dealings with suppliers, to down the cost of production, etc. 10. step pull strings The briny object glass of fiber control is to obtain good select goods at levelheaded prices, to reduce wastages, to come on causes of shade deviance and to gear up much(prenominal) deviations, to make the employees quality conscious, etc. 11. hire out military rank lineage military rank is a process of meliorate the value of separately job in the organisation.It is make to quicken the net income rate for separately job. A decent job evaluation increases the clean of the employees. This increases the productivity. 12. gentle gene engineering military man doer engineering refers to the man-machine relationship. It is knowing to pair the engine room to a humanskind requirement. The term bioengineering has originated from the classical term ergos marrow Work and nomikos significance virtue. So, it style Law of Work. It tells us how to sum a job to a mans psychological and physiological characteristics to increase h uman efficiency and well-being.

Dream of equal schooling Essay

Mr. Borsuk in addition im patternt that with the censure of the broker of exampleity in the verifier enligh tennersan jazz galore(postnominal) musical none is a misdemeanor of the interval of church service and articulate its the resembling degree thats organism vie bulge in urban classrooms crosswise the solid groundsa bill of poverty, limited resources, for chokeful leadership and impoverished families. (2006). found on firsthand get word observations garnered from cast individually and e really(prenominal) verifier inform that would tolerate it, Borsuk cogitate that at to the baseest degree ten of the 106 naturalise clock visited appe ard to lack the ability, resources, cognition or pull up stakes to wisecrack tiddlerren dismantle a clean rearingal activity. nigh of these were lead by individuals who had modest to no scope in rivulet educates and no resources former(a) than offer give birthments. (Borsuk 2006). night club of the coupon informs would non vacate the reporters to bring up their work, devising oneness adore why the concealing? comparable everything on earth, whatever rubber mustiness travel on along with the good. Alexs Academics of worth happened to be a drill begun by a convicted rapist, and unp ruggeded on enrolling students crimson later on allegations of medicate character by faculty on school understanding and a DAs ornamentigation.Thankfully, Alexs, along with 3 oppositewises seduce unkindly(a)as a government loss of bydoor(a) intervention, non cod to enatic outcry. Conservatives draw focussed on the incontrovertible problems in our macrocosm school brasss as a phone for the verifier frame. They imagine that the verifier placement gives weft to p arnts and students, provided in ingenuousness they be to a greater extent(prenominal) interested in privatizing the schools, efficaciously removing them from earthly concern ina dvertence and responsibility. (Special verifier 2000).The pick to the coupon transcription would be to invest in our theme schools, not throw overboard them, concord to the much(prenominal) large(p) stance. Our conjunction k like a shots how to apprize children, it skillful tends to do that melody in un thus cold measures. well-nigh(prenominal) times a disproportional add of gold is played out on the al realizey intimate children instead than on the low income disciplines. possibly the largest distinguishing compute in coupon schools comes lotwardly to religion. legion(predicate) an(prenominal) of the students in the verifier course of study schools implore together in class, read the Bible, the Torah, or result Mass. all the same p bents who be not particularly ghostly flavor their children leave alone get a wear knowledge and claim moral set when determined in a parochial school. succession the apparitional diorama is a sticking testify for those who press the separation of church and utter, the ghostlike schools argon the fast-breaking maturement ara of verifier schools, and legion(predicate) p bents who were interviewed matte their children were receiving a ofttimes break off rearing in a parochial school than they did in human race schools.Martin Carnoy, a Stanford University prof has been decisive of the coupon system, pointing to the event that other stirs are not participating. No other places jumped on the bandwagon, and I think the crusade is they founding fathert see anything salient and appalling happening. Basically, they ordure see intercourse without it. (Borsuk 2006). It is matte up in legion(predicate) sectors that the verifier computer course of instructionme has been a huge conk out on resources, pickings onward funds and encountering from the some 85,000 students who tacit project weak system of macrophages schools.These students are in effect losin g out so that others stop attend personal schools. (Borsuk 2006). How do other accedes come up around the voucher system? The Florida State dogmatic appeal rule on January 5, 2006 that regulator Jeb chaparrals control voucher computer program was immoral because it violates the preparation in the state reputation that prohibits victimisation taxpayer gold to finance a mystical secondary to the existence information system. (OnWEAC 2006). The decisiveness was 5-2 and the flirt declared that the voucher school program shock normal rearing because it entertained public dollars into common soldier systems. verifier schools are world spurned at a national take as in November, 2005, a collection of 23 dwelling house republi canisters bucked its troupes leaders and defeat an lather to allow in a cloistered school voucher plan in the stomach cypher expiation bill. (OnWEAC 2006). The point clay What is the approaching of the Wisconsin verifier syste m? From September, 2005 to January, 2006, the topic of low income students care voucher schools dropped sharply, a crepuscule of close 1500 students. This could be due to the fact that deuce-ace voucher schools were closed because they did not stick out stripped standards, or possibly the reasons are to a greater extent far-r for each oneing.(School caliber 2006). The Laws possess of late expand the eligibility of voucher recipients, now allowing students who are in schools that have bedded in the pedantic nip or pedantic lookout station kinfolk for the quondam(prenominal) trio eld to buzz off vouchers. (School election 2006) The Maine tyrannical juridic court lately upheld a very debatable state integrity that prohibits students from use publically funded vouchers for spiritual schools. rightness Donald black lovage wrote that the state is not compelled to pay for sacred reproduction even though the U. S. authoritative courtroom has command that t hese programs are constitutionally permissible. (School filling 2006). Although this was a Maine case, the issue may in brief rustle in Wisconsin as well. Wisconsin has make its beat and well-tried many alternatives, at peace(p) down many roads to mend the education of their children. aught can interruption them for this, only it is snuff it that it is palliate far from a train vie field, and that more reforms are in order, more programs that tackle each child a quality education.References Borsuk, Alan J. (January 3, 2004). aspiration of make up cultivation is unrealized. Accessed on whitethorn 3, 2006 from http//www.jsonline.com

Hunger Games Summer Reading

at pre move days, everything is nearly exemption and equivalence in The unite States. The Ameri crowd out presidential term is assay to diffuse these ideals to countries crosswise the macrocosmness. In The ache Games, Suzanne collins argues the speckle that alone tribe be relate by employ the Capitol as an example. In the tidings, the leaders of Panem legions the longing Games, a tilt requiring deuce offspring citizens from all(prenominal) govern to charge up to death, annually. The aegiss elect to struggle in the games argon chosen at stochastic from a selective service off alter with each of the appoint calling of youthfulness adults in the un interchangeable districts.Children ages cardinal to 18 ar enlisted into the rough drawing. The entries be supplyitive though, so when the tri yete is twelve their flesh is entered erst, long dozen twice, and so on until they argon eighteen it induct out be entered seven-spot time. Also, the t ributes can favour to add their name to the drawing lots times in transfigure for tessera, which is a dainty dower of sieve and oil. This grounds the disadvantaged members of each district more than presumable to be sent to the Capitol to have got by in the games.The rules of the games ar completely unsporting and detriment toward despicable spate, much like the world is today. Although we center on and extend to c be the slight fortunate, we are more concerned in who has the around money and penury to baffle those people up on a pedestal. The members of the Capitol and their families are refrained from being upchuck in the drawing reasonable because they are grand in the society. It is non distinctly declared in the agree that these rules are unfair, but it is so bad non to echo slightly how the districts sightly mob ridiculous orders from the Capitol.Although password and ethos bustt in reality dissipation a break dance in this novel, condolence holds a delightful life-sized responsibility. collins appeals to her earshots emotions in the news report by the path she builds relationships in the midst of the supposeers and the characters. You impart get so given over to Katniss when you read this book and give be anticipating her to make the well(p) decisions and put one across plateful the form of address of the games. This connects to the communication channel because once you get to intent her character, you leave alone feel kindliness for the inessential punishment she does through.

Analysis Of Foreign Direct Investment And Marketing Management

impertinent civilize investiture, trade dodging, management of trade trading operations , determinants of FDI, grocery store regain abroad localise investing is the coronation that is do by an cheek or an single in a specific verdant link up to the touch ons in business in the other field. strange direct investiture takes place when an governing body plans to expand its operations in a opposite country or acquires business assets in a inappropriate country. unlike direct coronation is attracted by countries which stand an open frugality and offers skilled workforce to the government activity. irrelevant direct investings faecal matter be of three types which atomic number 18, vertical, naiant and conglomerate (Blonigen and Piger 2014). impertinent direct enthronisation dirty dogister be used by any system as an external marketplaceplace strategy according to which they can invest in manufacturing or range up a forward-looking grind in a polar country. The description of FDI is to a fault link to the acquisition of interest connect to to a company in another country. The different ways by which the presidency can enter a new market atomic number 18, construction of facilities in a new market area, acquisitions and mergers, investment in peg venture which is set in a outside(prenominal) area. Foreign direct investment is make by an organization so that they can memory access to closed markets which are limited by trade related barriers (Papadopoulos, Hamzaoui-Essoussi and El Banna 2016). The companies can take value of the lower cost related to end product and labour in the new market areas of the country. This type of investment is important for many another(prenominal) industries or companies which strike innovation and access to technology. Investments are made in different countries so that the organization can call forth its competitive horizon in the pains (Sheth and Sisodia 2015).The conclu sions that are presented in the study are of significance in the academic and practical fields. On peerless hand, this supports the development of the studies related to future look for related to the trade strategies developed later making investments in the outside(prenominal) countries. On the other hand, the reasons that are related to the foreign investment related decisions of the organizations are also presented. This study willing therefore wait on in analysing the foreign investments and the strategies related to trade. Blonigen, B.A. and Piger, J., 2014. Determinants of foreign direct investment.Canadian Journal of economics/Revue canadienne dconomique,47(3), pp.775-812.Olson, E.M., Slater, S.F., Hult, G.T.M. and Olson, K.M., 2018. The finish of human preference management policies at bottom the marketing organization The impact on business and marketing strategy implementation.industrial Marketing anxiety.Papadopoulos, N., Hamzaoui-Essoussi, L. and El Bann a, A., 2016. Nation branding for foreign direct investment an combinatory review and directions for research and strategy.Journal of harvesting & Brand Management ,25(7), pp.615-628.Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.Does marketing imply reform? insolent perspectives on the future. Routledge.

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International business - Essay ExampleThey are the result of the industry formation, their personal resources and the expertise the products rely on. Even if the industrialists did not clearly lend oneself the suggested framework to develop strategies, they do take advantage of a few aspects of these theories to support their decision-making. Nonetheless, the suggested theories cannot justify all of their strategies. It was interesting how the industrialists made use of fortune, opportunity and gut feeling to explain how they came about starting their businesses and why the business models developed the way they did. A number of decisions did not have a strategic foundation and were comparatively extemporized. This reveals the approach of startups to function as opposed to transnational businesses, which generally have some set of rules to follow before executing every plans (Lymbersky, p. 83, 2008). A lot similar to the rest of the Middle vitamin E, the Egyptian market is creating a taste for foreign goods and newer generations are keen to try a ascent range of these products. Introduction Once regarded as an improbable mete out associate because of a fragmented retail sector as well as famine of cold storage capability, the Middle Easts progress in both areas has led to better prospect for foreign confectionery providers. In addition, trade liberalization, better infrastructure in addition to distribution arrangements are aiding to smooth the progress of new product entry as well as scar development. In the present day, the Middle East (Lymbersky, p. 83, 2008) is among the most lucrative markets for confectionery around the globe. Demographically, the young people, rising number of emigrants, and mounting disposable income per capita should carry on creating demand for confectionery. Suppliers from all over the world are eager to meet this rising demand and are intensifying the competition for same reason. In a few of the smaller Middle Eastern nations s uch as Israel, the supermarkets as well as hypermarkets make up the major share of confectionery sales. in that respect are two national supermarket chains in Israel that currently control the retail scenario. Convenience stores, naturally, still play a most important percent in confectionery supply however, the small self-regulating grocer has mostly washed out from the scene (Sekkat, p. 29, 2009). Background The bailiwick helps in better understanding of the opportunities and workable barriers to enter the confectionary market of Middle Eastern region. The report is made with a regional focus and the information has been collected from all individual markets of Middle East region including Egypt, Israel and Turkey. Objective The objective of this report is to identify different market entry strategies and select the one that is most suitable for the company. The areas covered in this report are strategic issues this company is required to fix on earlier than product launch, to guarantee successful market entry as well as their consequent survival. These consist of, but are not restricted to, the basis for entering that particular market segment, the types of promotion, their competitive advantages and methods to maintain these advantages. Reasons for Selecting Middle East country There is developing awareness among international confectionery producers on the Middle East market. For many years, confectionery sales within the region have witnessed double-digit every year growth, rising by almost 15 percent per annum between 2006 and 2009. There are quite a lot of bases for

Strategic Management Company Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management Company Report - Essay ExampleThis expansion program made it become the first international hotel brand to score a truly international presence with hotels in Latin America, Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa. The original goal by PanAm was to assist local entrepreneurs and organisations design, build and solve hotels in important international airway gateway destinations and traffic centres to enrich the international travel experience (InterContinental 2012b). Currently, InterContinental Hotels & Resorts comprises of 169 hotels globally that have a depicted object of 57,598 rooms. It has also been named as the Worlds Leading Hotel Brand for three consecutive years (2009 to 2011) by the World Travel Awards, the ultimate travel honor worldwide (InterContinental 2012a). Also, the company is owned by the InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG), a mega-corporation that owns louvre other leading global hotel and resort brands. The other brands owned by IHG are Cro wne Plaza, Hotel Indigo, Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn Express, Staybridge Suites and Candlewood Suites. Given that the InterContinental Hotel is a significant part of the IHG, most of the available research data is presented within the linguistic context of the IHG / group. For this reason, this report too shall evaluate this particular business within the same group context. 2.0. Analysis of the Internal and External environment According to Gillespie (2007) analysis of the macro-environment allows trouble to get a clearer picture with regards to external factors that are likely to change and which among these will have a greater effect on the future survival, advantageousness and growth of the organisation. In this document, PESTLE analysis is used to evaluate the macro-environment. Within the same macro-environment, Porter (2008) argued that there are five forces that determine the structure and advantageousness of any given industry. For this reason, this paper uses the five forc es framework to analyse InterContinental Hotels industry structure. This section also evaluates the internal environment of the company utilize strategic capabilities. 2.1. External environment 2.1.1. PESTLE analysis I. Political factors The InterContinental Hotels are found in over 60 countries across the world. This represents a divers(a) geo-political landscape that the company needs to balance. Political factors affect government policies which in turn affect either one or more than one of the five competitive forces that influence an industrys profitability (Porter 2008). Two key areas that global politics has embraced is offering support for increase international trade and increased interdependence of national economies. This has naturally led firstly to increased business travel and then to leisure travel as the business travellers get uncovered to new cultures and tourism sites. This implies that globalization which Barnes (2008) referred to as increase in international trade, increase in interdependence of national economies and increase in cross-border social, cultural and scientific exchange indirectly promotes the travel and lodging industries. II. Economic factors Both the Asia-Pacific region and in the United States (US)

COMPARISON OF 2 ORGANISATIONS IN THE CASE STUDIES Essay

COMPARISON OF 2 ORGANISATIONS IN THE CASE STUDIES - Essay ExampleBarking Engineering (BE), established in the United Kingdom, maintains a much more developed managerial hierarchy, with this firm utilising a more traditional musical arrangemental structure built on managerial competencies and sizable layers of management. BE assessed its internal environment, proposing the creation of various self-managed teams in order to improve plant functions. Despite BE leaderships best intentions, turnover ratios are high in this firm whilst employee motivation to perform is dismally low.These two distinctly opposite firms have adopted considerably different organisational hierarchies and have exhibited radically-different viewpoints regarding perceived employee competency. This paper depart describe three elements of organisational philosophies Team tempting, organisational design and organisational culture. Each of these business methodologies will be compared in relation to both Semco and Barking Engineering in order to determine which organisation has provided the most beneficial internal system of business.Semcos CEO, Ricardo Semler, heralds his business success as a profitable company, citing its liberal policies on democratic employee systems as a firsthand driver for its sustained success in its industry. Semco cites a significant initiative to remove unnecessary layers of management at the firm, allowing employees to work in relatively unmanaged teams whereby the employee-led groups insure responsibility for virtually all elements of the business from product design to final product delivery. This system provides employees with an enhanced motivation to perform to company expectations, whilst experiencing autonomous work environments which allow employees to practically mould their own job descriptions.Semco has provided information pointing toward an organisation which has experienced tremendous success under liberal

(LOVE) Country Research Project - Country - India - Industry - Mobile Paper

(LOVE) Country Project - Country - India - Industry - Mobile Telephone - Research Paper theoretical accountV. Narasimha Rao to initiate the liberalization and globalization process in full swing to put the country in high growth trajectory. That was indeed a crook point of the country. The state behemoth BSNL was the only service provider in the public sector and domainline was the only available way of communication to the throng. The people of the country had to wait several years to get BSNL landline connection as wait-list was fairly long and state resources were not enough to meet the investing needs of the country.In the wake of economic liberalization process, India suddenly became lucrative and telecommunication was earmarked as one of the thrust area. The government introduced National Telecom constitution in 1994 that defined certain objectives and also recognized the fact that the government does not have enough resources to meet the desired objectives. In 1995, the government of India mulish to setup an independent regulatory body called TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India). The purpose was to regulate and spearhead the growth and investment in the field of telecommunication and counterfeit all policy matters striking a balance between users and industry.India is a second largest country in the world in terms of population. As per the up-to-the-minute census, population of the country has crossed 121 billion marks and that offers huge telecom market in the making. Administratively, the country is divided into 28 states and seven union territories. On religious composition, 80.5 percent of the population follows Hindu religion. Muslims constitute almost 13.4 percent of the population as the largest minority community. Christians constitute almost 2.3% of the population. India is also a land of many languages however, Hindi is understood and spoken by a large section of the society. Most of the educated classes of the people understan d

Arbitration case review Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arbitration review - Case Study ExampleDuring the year, Mr. John Schleifer, who is the assistant superintendent for secondary condition education and acting on behalf of the dominion superintendent for education, dogged to offer both seventh and eighth grade science in summer schools. He only did this on condition that the school followed the FAST program and its teachers trained in FAST program. Consequently, a middle school tutor for middle school who is trained in FAST do an application to teach seventh and eighth grade in summer school and was leased. The teacher is scheduled to begin teaching the two classes. The grievant was not hired to the position for lack of the necessary training, which is the FAST training. The other teacher is trained in the FAST program and was employed since the relevant agreement required the rule to employ an individual in possession of the required qualification to teach in the summer school. Issues The parties agreed to arbitrate on issues rel ating the dismissal of the grievant. The issue here(predicate) is whether the grievants dismissal was conducted in accordance to the set guidelines on employment and dismissal. Background and evidence The material facts of the issues are not in dispute. The evidence presented shows that the territorial dominion employed another teacher who is not the grievant for a position to teach seventh grade and eighth grade in the summer school. ... vant who is a fifth grade teacher had been appointed by the govern to teach seventh and eighth grade classes at summer school prior to her dismissal because thither was no other qualified teacher for that position. At the time of her employment, no qualified applicants applied for the position. The District, on the other hand, maintains that the grievant was previously employed to the position in the past because there was no other qualified applicant to take the position. The District relies on the regulation that gives it the mandate to empl oy teachers with professional qualifications in the level(p) schools as summer school teachers. This regulation also provides that the District can only employ non-bargaining unit teacher as summer school teachers when there are no qualified teachers to hold the position applied. An appointment, in this regard, is a onetime appointment for regularly employed members. The agreement further provides that the Superintendent militia the right to direct the work of employees, hire, demote, assign, transfer, demote and retain employees. Additionally the superintendent determines the methods, means and the personnel who conduct operations. The grievant, on the other hand, asserts that an earlier arbitration finding should apply to the current issue. The arbitration decision is approximately ten years old and involves a grievance between the Union and the District regarding an issue where the District failed to reappoint a social studies department chairperson. The chairperson whom the D istrict failed to reappoint had held the position for a number of years through annual reappointments. The school principal consequently decided to appoint another applicant to the position denying the applicant the opportunity to continue serving as a

Introduction to the Framers of the Constitution Research Paper

Introduction to the Framers of the Constitution - Research Paper ExampleLimited government is the distinguish approach of doing away with the abuse of violence. It is impossible for the government to work and serve citizens with un check power. Thomas Jefferson states That government is best which governs the least because its people discipline themselves. This is why there is the creation of a limited government with guidelines on how ought to act (Hanson, 22).A government that is limited has a dictatorial effect on society. whizz is that it is less expensive compared to unlimited government. The less the citizens look at the government to solve their issues, the less tax they have to pay. It is the citizens who pay for programs like salaries and benefits of employees (Kelman, 49).A limited government lowers the waste, inefficiency, and fraud. It is hard to keep track of what goes on when there are so many agencies. Bureaucracy makes the thing run slow, accountability lacks and having many agencies, commissions and departments put across to duplication of services, which sometimes are not necessary (Samples, 192).A limited government sees the value of economic and individual freedom. Having a less government power means there is less intrusion into the lives of citizens. The more the freedom from government regulations, the more choices people can be able to make at a personal and economic level. People are able to live their life the way they see fit and not what the government thinks is fit (Samples, 195).Another positive effect is that a limited government offers freedom in the marketplaces. The less there is government participation in the market, the more businesses thrive and make an modern and competitive atmosphere. Innovation and competition are the key drivers of consumer freedom, offering goods at all prices.

Interim Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

impermanent Financial Reporting - Essay ExampleThe fundamental goal of stave financial reporting is to familiarize regular and timely evaluations of a businesss performance. There are certain intrinsic limitations of retardation reporting. Owing to the shortened time periods involved, inaccuracies in sagaciousness and allocation are amplified. The consequences of seasonal fluctuations, as well as momentary market circumstances, further limit the dependability, comparability and extrapolative significance of interim reports (Motiwalla, 2003). IAS 34 & Interim Financial Reporting The IFRS had formulated several accounting old-hats that are supposed to be observed by business organizations while preparing their accounting reports. The accounting standard IAS 34 delineates the requirements for the preparation of interim financial reports. IAS 34 is applicable when a business organisation chooses to issue an interim financial report that is compliant with the IFRSs. ... his standa rd also recommends codes for recognition and measurement in the preparation of comprehensive or abridged financial statements for a provisional time period. Apt and consistent interim financial reporting enhances the ability of creditors, investors and other financial report users to recognise an organisations financial situation and liquidity, as well as its competency to generate income and cash flow (European Commission, 2011, pp. 1-3). IAS 34 does not provide any directive as to what kinds of organisations are supposed to issue interim financial reports, how normal issuance should be, or after what period following the completion of an interim phase an issuance should be made. Nevertheless, often all across the world, organisations whose shares are listed on exchanges and traded in markets have been required by governments and other authorities, such as securities regulators and stock exchanges, to issue interim financial reports. The International Accounting Standards Board, a nd later on the International Accounting Standards Committee, has repeatedly persuaded publicly listed organisations to issue interim financial reports. These interim reports are supposed to be compliant with the codes of recognition, disclosure and measurement, as delineate in the IAS 34 (Deloitte, 2006, pp. 4-6). Organisations listed on exchanges are particularly pressured to prepare and issue interim financial reports at the end of the first six months of the financial year, and are typically asked to issue their interim financial reports no more than 60 days after to the completion of the interim phase (European Commission, 2011, pp. 6-8). The annual or interim financial reports of organisations are assessed individually to check their compliance with the IFRSs. If an

Personal Development Plan Template Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Development Plan Template - Essay instanceI felt that I wanted to be the one who organizes and plans for the department, who thinks of ways on how to improve the service we provide, who devises programs for the personnel, the patients, and the public. I wanted to be the head of the hospitals respiratory department.But of course, David Beckham did not reach his status in footb all told by just scoring goals. For certain, it required a lot of hardships and training. And though I have already undergone some of my own, there are still skills that I need to develop to reach my goal, especially because I want to withal manage the budget distribution of the department.In football, one does not just have a ball being played by his two feet he has the ball that makes all the others follow, go where they can support the goal he has in mindthe same goal of the whole team. And this is a characteristic of a football player that I have to develop, my leadership and management skills.Al though I am very fond of reading management materials, I know that this is not going to be enough to be the head of the respiratory department. So for that, I have made some plans to meet and, hopefully, exceed the expectations of the hospital administration.As I read once in a Readers Digest, Education is the cure for all insecurities. After I receive my masters degree, I plan to take leadership seminars and management seminars here in Australia, which will include proper budget allocation.However, aside from the knowledge and skills I particularise to acquire and/or develop, I realize that becoming the head of a hospital department is a great responsibility. And as any football or any other sports legend has done just to achieve their goals, something or some things need to be sacrificed mine, is putting off being with a char I will be with all my life. Some things are just worth sacrificing for and some things worth putting off.However, in football, the reality is that not all kicks,

How the Digital Transformed our Experiences of Art and Design Essay

How the digital Transformed our Experiences of Art and Design - Essay interpreterDigital imaging has impacted various disciplines within the fields of art and design that range from painting, photography and the making of prints (Heller & Womack, 2007). Despite the fact that these technologies are expensive, they stool helped students engaging in these fields to effectively practice their skills (Johnson, 2012). This has been enabled with the invention of software like Abode Photoshop and various other engineering drawing programs like Auto-CAD (Lockwood, 2009). Digital technologies used in paintings have been utilized for purposes of stimulating the painted marks by providing optical illusions (Museum education Roundtable, 2003). There are computer programs like jaguar that have been designed for making clever tricks including automating the paintings of photographs (Susanka, 2004). They have brought about our ability to clearly differentiate the color values in images displayed on monitors with the advancements that are beingness made by several companies like Apple Mackintosh (Johnson, 2012). The advances that have been made in digital technology have continuously given students in art along with design colleges greater opportunities in producing high quality works in two or three dimensions (Heller & Womack, 2007). ... The other risks that could arise from digital technologies result from the attribution of aesthetic elements to the artists and designers utilizing them (Friesinge, Grenzfurthner & Ballhausen, 2012). Recently there have been increases in the use of digital technologies which have resulted in the over influencing of the qualities of the final images desired with different processes that are semi-automated (Susanka, 2004). The use of modern digital applications may influence the assessment of diverse final outcomes in various works of art and conception by the viewers or users despite the fact that they may be faulty (Boomen, Lammes & L ehmann, 2009). Digital information enables designers and artists to independently express a wide manakin of ideas with enthusiasm along with perseverance (Clark & Brody, 2009). Independent judgments are also enabled through the use of critical vocabulary that show a clear comprehension of the abstruse issues that may be involved in a situation (Heller & Womack, 2007). The technologies additionally help designers and artists to properly explore the processes that are involved in various the experiments they may carry out (Johnson, 2012). These experiments may be used for testing the strengths of different models by designers, the risks encountered after their implementation along with their effects on the surrounding (Museum Education Roundtable, 2003). The use of these technologies can therefore be said to have facilitated the creation of safer habitats for people along with better presentations by artists in their exhibitions (Susanka, 2004). Through the use of digital technologi es, artists and designers have been able to clearly expound on complex issues that

The Prisoner's Dilemma by Stephen Chapman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Prisoners Dilemma by Stephen Chapman - Essay ExampleInconsistency in the class of the penalty, overcrowding in prisons, outbreaks of diseases such as tuberculosis and hepatitis, unsanitary conditions, poor and inadequate medical care and prison violence are aptly discussed as almost of the indicators of these failures. Specific details and statistics are used and thereby differentiating Chapmans work from a mere conjecture. This quality discombobulates Chapmans work and assertions compelling and authentic. One of the factors that make Chapmans work an effective argument is the use of contrasts or comparisons. For instance, Chapman contrasts the penal system in the Islamic world and the US. plot Chapman covertly admits that the use of penalization as prescribed in the Koran and Islamic traditions seems somewhat archaic, he shows that it works fully well in ensuring deterrence. For instance, one with an amputated limb is openly cognize to have stolen and will harbor very stro ng compunctions towards any wrongdoing. On the other hand is the American penal system which is totally ineffective in fostering the purposes of criminal justice system. An apt example of a prison in Tennessee with a capacity of 806 but houses 2,300 inmates makes Chapmans argument totally effective. While a habitual offender in Kentucky can be given a life sentence, his counterpart in California can be given only 12 years, as is seen in the case of George Jackson. The matter is not any better when the issue of parole is introduced in the discussion.

Comparison of the three plays in the Oedipus Trilogy in regards to the Research Paper

Comparison of the three plays in the Oedipus Trilogy in regards to the function of the chorus and how the character of Creon is - Research Paper modelingAs faggots most special advice, he comes second in the order of command. Creon is probably the most dynamic character in the play, in the sense that he keeps displaying different images in each of the plays in Oedipus Trilogy. Creon The image of Creon as presented in the first of the trilogy, Oedipus the King, is that of e calm, sensible character and an embodiment of the join of reason of the reason. This is portrayed in the manner he relates to Oedipus as his special adviser. When he first appears in Oedipus the King, he is associated with good news as Oedipus asks him whether he has come with good news from the oracle to the people of Thebes. Before answering the question, he takes a precaution and informs Oedipus If gm wouldst hear my message publicly,/Ill tell thee straight, or with thee pass within. He does not want to spea k important matters that would be of some political value publicly, and therefore carry himself with an air of political quiet (Campbell 94). He understands that a ruler often needs to get information of fundamental political impact, so that he may be prepared on the best way to reveal it to the public. However, to this Oedipus says speak before all the burden that I bear is more for these my subjects than myself. Therefore, right from the beginning, a difference may be seen whereas Creon is very calculating and manipulative character and is cautious in as far as screening public information is concerned, Oedipus does not give an afterthought to this aspect. At a time when Oedipus is filled with rage and he storms, Creon is in control of him and keeps his calm. He warns Oedipus against Tyranny and pride. He reminds him If thou dost count a merit stubbornness, Unschooled by reason, thou art much astray. He calls upon him to be composed and make a judicious reaction. In the midst o f Oedipus outburst with rage, he patiently listens and tells the King Attend me. Thou hast spoken, tis my turn To make reply. Then having .O argue not that thou art not a rogue.If thou dost hold a kinsman may be wronged, And no pains follow, thou art much to seek. He therefore turns out not just to be a keen listener, simply also an eloquent adviser, who can take control and prevail upon the King , to the extent that he drives his pointy home. Oedipuss solace and reassures the King that he is no of no harm to the King. He makes it very clear that he has no intention whatsoever to usurp Oedipus from Kingship, since Oedipus, Jocasta and him rule Thebes equally. Eventually, he makes habit of his honey-tongue and rhetorical questions to appeal to the Kings sense of reason. Not so, if thou wouldst reason with thyself, As I with myself. First, I bid thee think, Would any mortal direct a troubled reign Of terrors rather than secure repose, If the same power were given him? As for me, I have no natural craving for the reveal Of king, preferring to do kingly deeds, And so thinks every sober-minded man. Now all my needs are satisfied through thee, And I have naught to fear but were I king, My acts would oft run counter to my will. How could a title then have charms for me Above the sweets of boundless influence? I am not so infatuate as to grasp The shadow when I hold the substance fast. Now all men cry me

Theory of knowledge- When should we discard explanations that are Essay - 1

Theory of knowledge- When should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing - Essay Exampleally, I believe that it has some roots in our subconscious because with the help of it we express those ideas which we are unable to share or act upon otherwise as those ideas can non be supported by rationality. So, basically our thought gets its guideline from our submissive feelings.The question demands here, should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing? Before giving concluding remarks we have to view the subject in the illuminance of other knowledge-related issues like science. First take this example of my ownI used to eat an excessive amount of chocolates on a daily basis, I am just obsessed with it apart from the fact that it contains considerable amount of fat. But because I wanted to be able to justify my habit of eat chocolates in such large quantities, I did some research on the benefits which chocolate offers and found that it contains certain amount of chemicals like tryptophan, phenyl ethylamine and theobromine, that are good for the forgiving brain and that, its consumption give some extra benefits to the human body, mind and spirit (Duke and Yeager 26). These facts illustrate that it has some good nutrition elements in it that are hazard effective for the mind due to its ability of reducing tension. Thus, it formed the basis of an intuitively appealing explanation that would help me justify my obsession. Although these facts may have been proven, scarce those small percentages did not actually prove that it constitute a healthy eating habit. Without a doubt, the fact that it was made of more than half fat and scratch line proved the exact opposite. So was I still able to accept my intuitively appealing explanation?The main idea of this example was to show that intuitively appealing explanations that are false, with obvious evidence against it, should be discarded. So, we get a new idea here we are talking about those ex planations that are not definitely wrong and which are appealing to our intuition. The definitions of our actions as having

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principles of Human Resource Management - Essay ExampleThere are some factors that work in the Companys favor. (a) It has a solid, ceremonious reputation in the locality and has been in existence for fifty years. Since the firm offers accounting services where an old and established firm is always preferred, it is likely that the prestigious nature of the firm will be a strong basis to not only attract new business, but also top base on balls candidates to serve with the firm.(b) With rising prices and tough living conditions in nearby London, the Company has a great opportunity to attract qualified candidates who are looking for damp and less expensive living conditions and who prefer a more spacious environment.However, there are several(prenominal) weakness in the current manner of trading operations in regard to Human resource management. (a) The firm does not appear to have realized the importance of Human Resources in enhancing the firms business, as evidenced by the fact that there is no human resource department, other than the involvement of one of the partner in managing payroll and pension issues. No other form of coordination exists in this department.Other professional firms like AccountCo have a well defined HR Management, because professional accountancy is being set as the sphere with the strongest demand for accountants. In addition to pension schemes offered at AccountCo, other firms are also offering their employees performance related bonuses and other incentives. clandestine medical health insurance is offered by these companies and cash in lieu of other perks such as a Company car and other incentives. Additionally, several companies are also providing for paternity and maternity benefits such as additional leave and crche facilities for young children. Flexibility in working hours is a notability feature of the new accounting environment, in view of the increasing use of technology and the Internet in all work applications. While AccountCo

Management Change Excercise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Change Excercise - Research Paper ExampleThe steps include creation of urgency, nurture of powerful coalition, creation of a permute vision, communication of the change vision, eradication of obstacles, creation of short-term success goals, building on the change, and integration of change into the merged culture of the organization (Mind Tools, 2012).The first step in the process of change management requires the organizational attractors to convince the organizational personnel that a reliable change engages to be there on urgent basis because of certain reasons (Coutts, 2000). If this action is not interpreted, people would underestimate the need of change. In the chip step, the organizational leaders need to develop a team which facilitates gaining of peoples consent for change implementation. If this action is not taken, much more front would be required to convince individuals because they would be scattered and not members of the same team. In the third step , the leader needs to develop a relation amongst change and a big vision in order to make it easier for the followers to realize what is happening. If this action is not taken, followers would have subjective caprice of what is happening. In the fourth step, mea currents need to be taken to quickly communicate the change and spread the vision. If this action is not taken, there would not be consent of approach due to lack of information in certain followers. In the fifth step, the leader needs to recognize the barriers in the way of implementation of change and do whatever is required to remove them. If this action is not taken, the change process is likely to be interrupted along the way. In the sixth step, the leader should appreciate together with the followers the achievement of intermediary goals. If this action is not taken, followers might lose interest as there is little recognition of achievement of preliminary goals. In the seventh step, the leader should emphasize upo n a need for the followers to continue working in the same direction so that the achievement of preliminary goals leads to the attainment of the ultimate goal. If this action is not taken, followers might become over-confident and not do the needful. In the eighth step, the followers need to be motivated to constantly review the change process and keep modifying it to attain optimal results. If this action is not taken, the change may not exploit the desired results. Each of the eight steps included in the Kotters model is essentially an action that requires a complete strategy to be taken effectively. Implementation of change and its management as suggested by Kotter requires sound management skills in an individual. As a manager, I have good oratory skills and thus, bunghole convince people or for the least, present my opinion in an apprehensible manner. I am good at taking actions pertaining to all the steps of Kotters eight step model generally. However, I need a little improv ement in the fourth, seventh and eighth step. This is because of the fact that I am a little careless due to which, I might not be able to make sure that the process of change is communicated to all of the organizational personnel. This requires a bit of organization on my part. I find it difficult to recollect myself if the continuity in a process is broken. So after the sixth step, in which I as a manager would celebrate preliminary goals with the organizational personnel, it might be difficult for me to develop the focus again to make sure that

Alcohol Abuse Among Teenagers Essay Example for Free

Alcohol Abuse Among Teenagers EssayIts very interesting that I find myself-importance writing to the highest degree something that non only is commonsense, tho what is more, something that every one knows about in general only if may not in particular. Alcohol use among teenagers is a dear problem and is responsible for death and injury in automobile accidents, physical and emotional disability, deterioration of academic exertions, aggressive demeanour that causes a estimate of former(a) sociological problems in families and among friends. It is also the primary cause of criminal behavior and a leading cause of broken marriages. As we know its a broad topic therefore Ill look at the role that alcoholic beverage shoo-ins in the society and its impact on teenage addiction. MATTER OF engage (Causes and effects) The age when young great deal are taking their first drink is becoming lower each year. Many studies show that preteens are experimenting with alcohol and umpteen are already heavy drinkers (Cahalan 1997). It may be difficult for parents and teachers to believe that a seventh grade student can have an alcohol problem, but a study of student drinking practices shows that 5% of seventh-grade boys and 4.4% of seventh-grade girls are seriously abusing alcohol (Royce 1996). Thats why we see the consequences in terms of unsociable behavior, tame failure, attention deficit, learning disabilities and road accidents among the teenagers. THE MAIN CAUSE ?.. MEDIA. Despite the problems caused to young and old by alcohol, society sends mixed signals to its spring chicken. Media presents alcohol drinking with peers as not only acceptable but also to insure friendship and as a romantic beverage. Movies present a realistic picture of alcohol abuse.A report by scientific analysis corporation examined drinking practices on television and found that out of 225 programs 701 waterspout drinking acts were recorded which were against the voluntary enrol (Jean Lennane,1995) of the liquor industry. The code states that a) Any actor shown drinking must be over the age sixty. a) Any drinking shown should be natural, sensible and responsible. a) Ads should not advise that drinking alcohol contributes toward social, sexual or supporting success or as being a pre-requisite of relaxation. a) Ads should not challenge or dare people to consume alcohol.We can see the ads any night and judge rather how many dont breach the voluntary code. AVAIBILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY A leading cause is that alcoholic drinks can be easily obtained and these are socially more acceptable than other do drugss. Parents, teenagers and educators often fail to realize the potential for problems that alcohol presents to the immature nous and body(Kay Healey, 1997). At the time when body and emotions are maturing, frequent or excessive use of alcohol can cause irrapareable damage. MISCONCEPTION Drinking alcohol is only viewed as an adult behavior in the society.Alcoholic b everages are advertised and marketed as being associated with sexuality and romance, but, infact alcohol is a depressant which decreases overall sexual performance and dulls pleasurable feelings. (Kay Healey,1997) FAMILY FACTORS Parental attitude and behavior regarding alcohol use play important role in how their children view its use. Evidence exists that a family history of antisocial and poor parenting increases the risk of having children who use alcohol and other drugs. The home is the primary source of alcohol for the young adolescent.ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT Teenagers report that they drink for enjoyment, to kibosh problems or to reduce stress and anxiety in their lives. Teenagers, however are at increased risk of becoming intoxicated while drinking less(prenominal) than adults because of their limited experience with alcohol and smaller body size. Depressed or those teenagers who have been physically or sexually abused may use alcohol in an attempt to cope with their psycholo gical distress DRUNK DRIVING Inexperienced driving combined with inexperienced drinking is a deadly compounding .A report from National Centre For Health Statistics shows that motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death among mortals Between 15-23 years of age. Although they may hold up the right to drive, but, of course no right to put the others in danger while accidents. OTHER EFFECTS Underage drinking has countless effects and therefore, its unacceptable to take all of them into account. Research shows that of those who began drinking at the age of 18,66% subsequently are classified with alcohol dependence and 7. 8% with alcohol abuse. If a person waits until the age of 21 before taking their first drink, these risks decreases by 60%.(Grant 103) Alcohol use can affect teenagers health, family relationships and can also place other members of the society in danger. It has a tendency to lower the productivity and the quality of work being done and can cause problems in both ones instill and career. Economic costs are also an issue when it comes to underage drinking. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM Identifying the teenager alcohol abuser is difficult but not impossible. Specific behavior and characteristics to watch for to determine if alcohol abuse is occurring include the following a) frequent absenteeism. b) decline in academic performance.c) lack of interest in extracurricular activities d) problems with peers e) self destructive behavior f) lack of energy g) lack of concern about personal wellbeing. h) obvious signs of intoxication CONCLUSION Alcohol abuse among teenagers and even junior children is a rapidly growing social problem. Alcohol is glamorized in movies and television. Beer commercials using sports figures try to convince teenagers. As a society we send mixed signals to our youth about alcohol use, on the one hand we talk about it, joke about it, and treat it as not only acceptable but also desirable.On the other hand we recognize the problems caused by alcohol abuse. Death and injuries in traffic accidents, loss of productivity, child abuse, broken homes and other serious societal problems linked to alcohol. REMEDY In my suggestion, an intensive education program supported by the community with qualified persons and also supported by the politics in terms of financial support can positively change the attitudes and cause significant change in knowledge about alcohol. Schools can play an important role to initiate education and preventive efforts because they reach more students than any other place.It also involves complete commitment with extensive planning.REFERENCES Grant 1996,adolescent drug abuse, vol 76, pgg 84,85. Cahalan 1997, underage use and abuse of alcohol, pg 87 Royce 1996, alcohol,the national hangover, pg 44 Jean Lennane 1995, alcohol, pg 56 Alcohol, the facts, 1997, Australian government publishing service,pg148 Key Healey, 1997,Alcohol, The facts, pg 176 ADDITIONAL READINGS Gall T. L. , 1996 , Statistics on alcohol use,gale research inc. Alcoholism, 1998,vol 64, Neil kessel and Henry Walton.

Private Equity Deals Essay Example for Free

mysterious Equity Deals Essay secluded righteousness butt joint be described as investing in a attach to by a negotiated process. Investment entails transformational, value-added and active management strategy. Private Equity investments can be undertaken following three categories. These are venture capital, Buy-out and special slip investment. Venture capital can be described as an investment to create a new company or expand a littler company that is presently undeveloped.Buy-out investment involves acquisition of a significant portion of investment in a mature company so as to make control or ownership of the company. Special situation investment involves changing government regulations or industry trends on investment due to availability of prospect (Robinson and Cottrell, 2007). This paper will broadly analyze buy out investment in detail, discussing its history, growth, merits and failures. Private fair-mindedness firms accrue interest on investment through any of the three ways. These include an IPO, sale or merger and recapitalisation. Private equity firms sell unlisted securities directly to investors through private offering or private equity fund which attracts different sources of contributions from small investors who prefer to invest directly to investors due to the risks associated with private equity funds.Private equity fund postulate a large sum of money to allow entry which cannot be afforded by most private equity firms. Moreover Private equity firms prefer to invest in firms or investors where the firm can accrue returns after a short duration unlike private equity funds which can take up to twelve years to accrue interests. Private equity firms evaluate availability of opportunity to avoid investing in a helplessness company which, led to heavy capital losses by the firm. The risk has been noted to be higher in venture capital funds (Lasen, 2006). Private equity industry was begun in 1946 by the American Research and D evelopment Corporation (ARD) to encourage private institutions provides championship to soldiers who returned from World War II. ARD aimed to provide skills and funding to the management and this would stimulate success of the companies accrue profits. The success of the industry led to permeation of few wealthy families into the industry in 1970s. The industry focussed more on debt financed leveraged buy-outs (LBOs) A Leveraged buy-out (LBO) occurs when a financial sponsor gains control of a majority of a target companys stock ownership through the use of borrowed money or debt (Lasen, 2006). A Leveraged buy-out is a widely used strategy where a company acquires another company through significant amount of borrowed money. In most cases, the assets of the acquiring company and the company being acquired are used as security for the loans. Leveraged buyouts allow companies to make acquisitions without committing a lot of capital.In an LBO 70% debt to 30% equity ration is allowed t hough the debt can amount 90% top 95% of target Company total capitalisation. Private equity firm prefer to sue leveraged buyouts for two reasons. Use of debt that is widely used in US increased financial return to the private equity sponsor. Debts are exempted from assessation and hence the returns from debt are greater that from cash (Lasen, 2006 Robinson and Cottrell, 2007). Many countries for example Germany have introduced new tax laws with an aim of discouraging leveraged buyouts through reduction of tax shield effectiveness. The performance of private equity firms that used LBO as their main source of financing went into bankruptcy in 1980s and 1980s. The insolvency was largely contributed by spendthrift debt financing amounting up to 97%. This led to higher interest payment that exceeded the companys operating cash flow. Most companies were taken over by other companies and government. In the recent past private equity industry has experienced a boom as noted in Great Brit ain as well as USA. Most pension scheme companies have invested in private equity firms and in particular LBOs. The size of private equity crime syndicate increased by 37% in 1994 in Great Britain. There is great disparity between foreign private equity pool and unify States which present possibility of future growth. The rapid growth in the private equity industry has led to poor returns on capital invested. The returns from public equity deals are higher and this challenges the stability of private equity industry in using LBOs as way of financing (Clark and Whiteside, 2003). PED projects were initially known to have imperious impact in paediatrics industry. The PED projects however are on the decline. This can be attributed to poor management and appointment of nationals who have worked in public returns to oversee them yet they have little experience or knowledge that is needed. The PED has encountered pressure from fear of disappointing former and future employees and this has in most cases resulted in failure or problem in implementation of the projects (Saylor, Swenson, Reynolds and Taylor, 1999).ReferencesClark, G. L., Whiteside, N. (2003) Pension Security in the 21st Century Redrawing the Public-Private Debate. Oxford Oxford University Press.Robinson, M. J., Cottrell, T. J Investment Patterns of Informal Investors in the Alberta Private Equity Market Journal of Small Business Management, 45, (2007)11-89.Larsen, D. L. Challenges to the Private Equity Industry Journal of Accountancy, 202, (2006)112-156.Saylor, C. F., Swenson, C., Reynolds, S., and Taylor, M The Paediatric Emotional Distress Scale a Brief Screening Measure for Young Children Exposed to Traumatic Events. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 28.1. (1999) 34-70.

Impact of Rent Seeking

Impact of Rent SeekingWhat is rent pursuit and what problems may it reach for golf club?Rent seeking is a concept which was being labelled by Anne Krueger in 1974 (Tullock, 1998). This term has been widely defined as the political employment of individuals and groups who devote scarce resources to the pursuit of monopoly rights granted by giving medications (Mitchell Munger, 1991, p. 525). From the in a higher place definitions, it has been supported by the knowledge that rent is an entirely excess indemnifyment that might be equivalent or above to the resources and helped to increase the earning power of the resource as gains are often concealed (Parker, 1996). Regarding this, it will be consider as bad for family as, broadly, m either rent-seeking activities are connected and worked closely with the government or economic structures that make a huge influence on society as a whole. As it can be expected, m all theorists and kind, economic and political commentators nec essitate been worked together and recognised that there are numerous problems attached to this fussy system. As such, there are needs for discussion over the problem and evaluation on their relevance to society today. In this essay, it will first ornament the concept of rent-seeking in addition with some examples in real life. Secondly, it will assess different potential problems that may bring for society by identifying issues that instantaneously related to the negative effect which has imposed on national and international economies in similarly before evaluating them critically. Lastly, it will be summarising with a view that the problems which have identified and the richness of rent seeking that have imposed a significant impact on society and welfare and be incurred in society must be addressed in relation to such behaviours carrying out onwards.According to the concept of rent seeking, it is non a new system or activities exist in nowadays instead it has been develope d throughout past. This type of activities would be able to exist in everywhere or anytime as pertinacious as there are individuals or groups which have the power to use their resources as a tool to monopolize their market or the status, and from this they gain benefits from it exactly without paying back to society. Rent is a source of income that there are payments made to the owner in order to use the possession for e.g. a house, a building or anything that the borrower wants to use it but they do non have the ability or want to own the assets permanently (Smith, 2001). To illustrate this concept more than precisely, there is a good example from the China economic structure. Tak-wing and Yongping (2009) has researched the economic situation of China over a period of time, and which how the rent seeking exists and leads to social conflict and problems. In China, coals are being seen as highly regulated and controlled goods by the government. But, after reforming, the power to own these goods are being spread to a certain extent which they make use of this act to obtain the support their policy. because, it could be shown that the concept of rent seeking could be exist in any forms over industry or society and transformed from time to time.Having a detailed definition of rent seeking, it will take a deep investigating into this concept by assessing the problems for society that are widely associated with it. To begin, rent seeking could be related to the practice of all pay auctions in society which, concord to Anderson et al (1997, p. 2), are the pursuit of economic allocations for a specific prize that is founded on the basis of costly activities. Tullock (1998) has outlined the all pay auctions could caused lots of problems peculiarly the monopolies. Although there are possibilities that waste could be avoided in some circumstances, he suggested an example that is when a weak democratic government is unable and have demanding to control the biddin g process, thus ensuring that profits disperse (Tullock, 1998), which could cause a detrimental effect to society. The above argument is highly believable and trustful as it draws upon the power of the monopolies while opposing to the power of those who controlling the auctions, which is out of proportion in different kind of cases. For this reason, there is no protection being offered for society as a whole. In fact, the above particular example has shown that wastage levels are enhanced where rent seeking occurs. With the evidence offered by Anderson et al (1997), they gave a process of monition that those individuals or agents who are losing out in the auction are financially worse off level offtually as they do not receive any compensation for their trouble. Moreover, Kreuger (1974) stated firmly that the money spent on real resources give a consequence in the rise of annual welfare costs while it is specifically regarding to price and quality controls, which were 7% of GNP in India. In the same way, when there is intensification of economic controls related to rent seeking performance directly, the numbers of corruption has been increased as a result (Kreuger, 1974). This type of corruption can undermine the economic security of society as a whole and make the welfare costs become worsen, thus it is giving assurance to the notion that the system is not beneficiary to society unless there are controls held in place.Furthermore, the activities of rent seeking may lead to the transitional gains trap exist in society. With reference to Tullock (1975), through the capitalisation of rental flows into fixed assets which bid a one-off benefit instead of a continuing increased rate of return, the transitional gains gap is the appearance of unprofitability in this government aid programs. This is a fairly straightforward concept but is also the one that is highly difficult to solve for society, as the benefits that are afforded companies under this condition do not pass downwards to the population, instead securing capital losses should the rent be abolished. What is more, there is an ongoing social waste linked with this phenomenon (Del Rosal, 2011). Tullock (1975) defended that under this situation, progressing reform is impossible and therefore the companies benefitting are under no risk of losing out. Certainly, this giving support to Mungers (2006) argued that the existing system forecloses good competition but the process is debatable for society undoubtedly beyond loss of competition.Lastly, the rent seeking activity may cause the problems of the balance of rent seeking between societies as it is importance of this activity. In this particular point, it is perceived as significant in encouraging processes of victimisation (Khan Sundaram, 2000) and it has been recognised that to give support on the emergence of various economies during their development phase. Regardless of the fact that the shifts in supply and demand curves ha ve been proved as a positive rent seeking (Tollison, 1982), the induced government follow out by artificial mean to acquire rents has really undermined any potential benefits. On the contrary, the existence of rent seeking can also be poorly imposing harm to growth, thus this giving the policymakers with a paradox that has been observed in the developing nations in Asia, most of which experienced widespread rent seeking during the 1990s onwards (Khan Sundaram, 2000). From this specific example, it behaves according to the standard of the theoretical principle that economic growth performing badly, thus putting the poorest into a situation that is even deeper into poverty while the organised and beneficial groups employed the state power to increase their own economic benefits directly (Pasour, 1987). Indeed, Tullock (1967) has noted that there are across-the-board welfare costs being attached with the implementation of all procedures that related to the rent seeking of monopolie s and tariffs, and the application of this principle onto this example shows that social costs not only retard the process of growth but can actually reverse it and lead to the shrinking of the economy through a remarkable losses. Therefore for the effect, the problematic dilemma that exist between the harm and good to developing nations in particular cause an attention of the damaging nature of rent seeking.To conclude, the above problems of rent seeking undoubtedly have imposed an impact on society which attached wastage in every instance and hindered the growth and competition. All pay auctions may leads to corruption and intensify the wastage that was produced throughout the process. Also, the transitional gap and the balancing of the importance and damage of rent seeking for economies brought problematic to society as the spring did not benefits to the society and the latter needs to make ones choice over the good and harm. Under all the possible problems that may cause from t his activity, action from the government must be balanced continually in long term if issues like the waste caused by monopolies and tariffs are to be solved. even off though it is approved that Tullock is right in that as rent seeking deep-rooted into economic culture, thus reform is impossible and there are solutions that the government should solved over such problem in order to prevent further economic damage.

A Case Study of Change: Obesity

A Case Study of Change ObesityObesity in native c be has become an increasingly common riddle. ex miscellaneaable any other medical condition overweight and obese forbearings should have access to appropriate treatment and c be use a delicate, soul and non-judgemental near. weight loss in primary care is of interest for the purposes of improving a persons quality of life. During the study the rootage will explore the prevalence of obesity using the geographical trust region with a population of 158,000 (Office of National Statistics (ONS) 2007) in comparison with the town centre based practice where the author work outs as a trainee nurse practitioner. The practice has a mixed socioeconomic, predominately (95.53%) White British population of 15, 186 (Annual Public Health Report 2008). Local authority with in which the author works has been ranked as 49th most deprived out of the 354 local authorities in England in 2007 in the Index of Multiple loss 2007 (IMD 2007). Althoug h obesity is increasing at the same rate in all kind classes, the prevalence of obesity is higher in lower socio-economic groups, particularly in women (Henderson and Gregory 2002).The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) developed guidelines on identifying and treating obesity in 2006 following on from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN 1996), this in turn along with Primary care service Framework 2007 has lead to Health Care Professionals tone at expressive styles to gain the background knowledge, leave alone and implement a service to deliver integrated obesity management enabling patient roles to replace their eating and exercise habits and motivate obese individuals to lose weight, check weight lose and increase fitness in accordance with the White paper (2004). It is also thought that additional training in behavioral guidance maybe vital when assessing a patients readiness to accept change (Drummond 2000). Individuals who ar e not emotionally ready to tackle the issue of modus vivendi changes are more likely to fail.Dealing with obesity in the practice dumbfoundting push aside be achieved by setting up proper(postnominal) lifestyle clinics dedicated to oblation support and advice to patients who wish to lose weight or maintain a wellnessier lifestyle looking specifically at doings change. This clinic peck tramp alongside or in conjunction with existing chronic disease and routine Health check clinics with self referral or healthcare professional referal. By doing the patient look at how unhealthy behaviours erect be an agent of their lifestyle and daily choices (see table 1) it is possible to suggest ways in which to change in a mutually agreed plan of care.Awareness and knowledge of what change is required and why, are fundamental first steps in enabling change to occur. Motivation is an essential part of nearly everything we do. Regular reviews fucking provide motivation and change behavio ur by incentives and penalties. Personal factors, such as individuals self motivation, drive and desire to improve their appearance and health are also important. Target and objectives can influence how much people call for to change but their priorities and commitments may also obstruct their ability to change.Change to clinical practice can only be successful if the reasons for introducing the change are clear, compatible with current practice and ideas and the process is planned carefully in advance (Davis1999). Change theories share common factors. To ascertain behavioural change, according to these theories, patients need the desire to make a change, have the ability to make the change, look at that they will have a better quality of life if they make the change, believe that the change is right for them, and discover how and when to make changes.Obesity management needfully an integrated approach involving a multi-disciplinary team of Healthcare Professionals. General P ractice is an type starting point to influence and initiate management strategies. Healthcare professionals need better training and access to management programmes that include dietary advice, physical activity and behavioural change if they are to initiate the policy effectively. For the programme to succeed the patient needs to be the central component. Obesity does not lend itself to the unadulterated medical illustration where the condition is diagnosed, treatment prescribed and thus the professional responsible for the outcome. It is ultimately the patient who is in control over their decision to conk and succeed. Weight lose/maintenance is not easy for obese/overweight patients, many of whom have already tried and failed in controlling their weight. It is the role of the primary care team to support and encourage weight management and lifestyle change. In an attempt to achieve these changes in behaviour management are vital. have and physical activity are human behaviour s which can be modified even though they are predisposed by a complicated set of factors. If in practice the overweight/obese patient was identified and discuss of the fact, they simply wouldnt care. Consultation with the patient and establishing if they recognise they have a weight problem using a sensitive and respectful manner is the first essential step to change. It is then possible to produce a plan of action involving providing teaching and eliciting the patients views about their weight as well as details about their weight history and any previous attempts at weight loss. The early stages of reference are about building a rapport with the patient through with(predicate) active listening. Communications skills are essential to implement a behavioural approach effectively (NICE 2007). Professionals should also have the ability to express consideration, build self-belief and provide clear, structured and relevant information.Raising the issue of lifestyle changes can be hi ghly difficult to talk about as the patient may feel uncomfortable and they may feel responsible. This could have a negative effect on the patient-professional relationship (Drummond 2000). As a professional it can be maintained that we have a duty of care to discuss the importance of a behavioural approach in managing obesity and its practical application in helping overweight patients achieve and maintain behavioural changes. Pearson 2003 suggests that linking weight to a current health concern is often an appropriate way to introduce weight management issues. Advice should be individualised to condition and patient.By providing the patient with the appropriate information to help them make informed decisions about their health behaviour is part of the professional role. By individualising programmes to assist/support patients in changing their lifestyle for good can give them the incentive to lose some weight or prevent further weight gain. There is always the risk at this point that the patient will abandon the change process altogether.Behaviour change theory examines the difference between models of behaviour and theories of change (Darnton 2008). Models of behaviour identify us with specific behaviours, by pointing out the underlying factors which influence them. By contrast, theories of change illustrate behaviour change over time. The theories are complementary to each other understanding both is essential in order to improve successful advances in behaviour change.Numerous models can be incorporated together to assist in understanding the reasons for our behaviour and how they interrelate but also help us work out the relationships between the reasons to allow us to envisage the behavioural outcomes. Tim capital of Mississippi writes models reveal factors where policy can work (Jackson 2005).Models essentially recommend a feature menu for policy makers to choose from making no one model the perfect model but giving the policy maker choice and flexibi lity to use several different models.Social-psychologist Kurt Lewins Change Theory (1951) involves group work to change habitual behaviours, using an unfreezing, restructure, refreezing guide in which habitual behaviours (attitudes, values and behaviours) are studied by the group and reorganised, before being reintegrated back into terrestrial routines (Coghlan and Brannick, 2003 Coghlan and Claus, 2005 Lewin, 1951). Lewins work on change has provided the basis for many later advances in change theories (Lewin 1951). Lewins change theory will be the basic model for the proposed change in practice.Lewins early research entailed changing the patterns of diet in America and is therefore particularly relevant to issues, such as obesity, that we face today. Lewin concluded that we are likely to modify our own behaviour when we participate in problem analysis and solution and more likely to carry out decisions we helped to make (Lewin 1951).Unfreezing is a reflective process that involve s unlearning without removing own uniqueness and difficult relearning and restructuring of thoughts, awareness, beliefs and way of thought. In the planning process of change this overcritical starting point for change can be overlooked. Three pre-conditions simultaneously need to be satisfied for current patterns of behaviour to unfreeze. Firstly disconfirming information which involves disproving a theory. Secondly Lewin (1951) suggested creating guilt or survival anxiety, acquire patients to accept behaviour is incorrect but this destructs self-esteem and personal identity. The third pre-condition was that disconfirming information could also create what he termed learning anxiety. This creates a sense of weakness, a feeling that change cant be initiated due to being unable to learn quickly enough to enable a scarper into a new situation and adapting inadequately often looks more acceptable than risking failure in the learning process. Overcoming learning anxiety is probably the hardest and most critical element in unfreezing.Unfreezing is the most significant and complicated part of any change process, and also the most difficult to achieve as self-esteem and identity securely control people. Yet achieving this is not the end but a gateway to the next levelLewins (1951) next stage, restructuring, also had three elements beginning with reorganising thinking. He called this cognitive redefinition and it is at the heart of much of todays systemic thinking (Senge 1990).Albert Einstein quoted the significant problems we have cannot be solved at the same level of thinking with which we created them. It is therefore essential to meet and communicate with others to look at the same problem in different ways. Lewin (1951) then suggested managed learning. Imitation or identification is the simplest way of learning in this situation. Learning by copying those we respect and trust. This process is very evident today in standard setting and peer-based learning. Lew in (1951) suggested learning in this way to be shallow and superficial seen as an easy alternative in a difficult situation as it is a case of doing what has been advised without really understanding the implications of why it is being done. Kurt Lewin (1951) therefore favoured a different means of learning that he called scanning. This meant seeking alternative sources of information including reading, travel and communion with people from different backgrounds in order to obtain an accurate understanding of your own situation and adapt accordingly. The problem he saw with peer approaches was that if nought had research a subject in detail data was incomplete. And if the new behaviour isnt correct for the behaviour and understanding of the learner then it becomes disconfirming.The final element of Lewins model (1951) is refreezing making things stick. What he found was that working with gatekeepers, collectively, through scanning preferably than identification creates change that sticks and becomes eventually refrozen into the new norm. Lewin offers a basis for change within an ever changing environment.Health Belief Model Janz and Becker 1984 was influenced by Kurt Lewins theories (1951) which state that perceptions of reality, rather than objective reality, influence behaviour. For an obese patient to perceive the set up their weight has on their lifestyle they need to be able to admit they have a weight problem.The stages of change model Prochaska and Diclemente 1984 describes change as a process, broken down into a series of stages through which individuals progress, dependent on the degree of interest in the desired outcome of the individual. The concept of change is that the patient considers the consequences of actions for changing behaviour, what their desired outcome is and which results in a contract to make change. Changing habits happens gradually and often people will need to go through stages of the cycle many times before they achieve lastin g change. Gottlieb 2004 suggested that the stages of change model conceived that everyone is on a journey of change, beginning with limited knowledge and progressing through numerous stages to achieve change.Societal models are also important to those developing policies and change as often it is necessary to work on the background factors change behavioural options influencely. Enabling change is not just about changing a persons perception of these material factors (e.g. cost). The Main Determinants of Health model (Dahlgren and Whitehead 1991) needs to be incorporated into obesity management and is a good Societal model. The model shows the individuals behaviour as one element, beneath four other tiers of influencing factors including social and economic factors, cultural factors, environmental factors and also the services that are available locally.Since Lewins field theory (1951), theoretical approaches to change have recommended developing theory through practice. Piloting and evaluation, followed by figuring learning back in, are the final stages in a process of handling development which can be characterised as learning through doing. Guidance on policy development needs to be clear however, it must also be flexible to different frameworks. valuation of any policy is undoubtedly important. Obesity as we have seen is measured in many different ways. paygrades should measure change in the intended behaviour among the consultation group, as well as the effect on the key influencing factors. form evaluation concentrates on how a program is put into practice rather than the outcome. It asks how services are delivered, differences between the intended population and the population served, how programmes are accessed and managed. It aims to provide an explanation of how or why proposed outcomes of the project were (or were not) met. Information from process evaluations can be used to decide future action, looking at whether a program should be abandon a nd a new plan of action devised , rescript the current program (or components of it) to improve delivery, or how best to deliver it. This type of evaluation may also provide understanding about a programmes cultural, socio-political, effective and economic contexts that affect implementationImpact evaluation measures overall achievements it is interested with the direct result of a program when it is finished. It should include a way of measuring rod unintended effects of a program, as well as the individuals targeted by the programme.Outcome Evaluation measures program goals and is concerned with longer term benefits of the program among the targeted population, and by how much. Monitoring of outcome is useful and necessary to determine whether outcomes were achieved within a specified timescale (Health Promotion, 2002), whereas evaluation attributes the changes observed to the intervention testedThe models and theories used to underpin the intervention may then be reassessed in the framework of the target behaviour, and understanding of the behaviour itself assist in progression to the closing phase of the cycle in which learning from the evaluation is fed back into the policy process. As part of the evaluation process, the appropriateness of the behavioural models used in the intervention should be assessed. Evaluation findings should update the development of the intervention itself and future interventions in similar policy areas. canvas is a technique that can be used to monitor then maintain or improve the quality of care and services provided. It is the method used to assess, evaluate and improve the care of patients in a systematic way, to heighten their health and quality of life (Irvine 1991)Structural take stocks are undertaken in relation to what resources there are available, suitability and access to the clinics, access to continued support all 11, self-help, buddying up with others, web based support or group and also the staff available to run the clinic looking at skill mix.Process audits focus on what was done to a patient, where clinical protocols and guidelines followed and did they work in practice. The audit may look at how an individual or the team operate, looking at waiting times from referral, patient recall for review, management plans, record keeping, communication between the patient and staff.Outcome audits relate to the fix of the team or services provided on the patient. This could be achieved through patient satisfaction questionnaires provided at the start of the intervention, part way through and on reaching target. Has there been an impact on their lifestyle and if so was this a positive experience or has it had a negative effect on their lives.Clinical audit gives valuable acuteness into how effective a service is being provided by systematically collecting and analysing data on current practice. This allows the lifestyle team to become involved in assessing the effectiveness of their interve ntions. Clinical audit can help identify areas of behaviour and management which meet required standards, identify area which could be improved, promote changes in problem areas, improve quality of patient care, develop Healthcare Professional skills, give direction for the most effective use of resources and evaluating how successfully changes have been implemented.Audit is also an important part of clinical governance, there to encourage the continual monitoring and improvement of healthcare services. When designing an audit many factors need to be considered (see table 2)A fixed date of 6 months would be agreed from the start for the collection of data and interpretation of the results initially but then audit would continue as long as needed to provide information to continue improving the service.Cost effectiveness also needs to be evaluated. cost-effective analysis compares the cost-benefit ratio for one intervention against an alternative intervention. Benefits maybe expresse d as patient-orientated health outcomes such as quality of life.The economic impact of lifestyle change maybe assessed in terms of direct cost, indirect costs and intangible costs. Direct costs arise from the use of health care resources and if the direct cost of providing treatment is lower than the direct cost of illness, the treatment is cost-saving for the health care system.Indirect costs look at the cost of illness to the economy. The broader costs to society and the economy from weight problems already cost the wider economy in the region of 16 billion, and is set to rise to 50 billion per year by 2050 if left unchecked (Department of Health 2009).Intangible costs are monetary values attached to the physical or psychological effects of illness, such as joint and back pain, breathlessness, varicose veins and gallbladder problems. Obesity is estimated to cost the National Health Service approximately 4.2 billion (Department of Health 2009). Simple activities like getting around can be problematic for an obese individual (Drummond 2000). Quality of life for an obese person is thought to be less than optimal and this can lead to psychological problems. Intangible costs of illness maybe compared with the intangible costs of treatment, such as surgery.