Types of Leadership Styles

Types of drawing cards Styles launch leaders is a complex and diverse ship of knowledge and it transforms referenceization into reality. (J Antonakis, etal, 2004) According to author being a leader changes everything. Its all somewhat contribution, performance and success. This essay describe about the leadership and the styles of leadership. Firstly the author will give the explanation of leadership with different definitions. Secondly the author will explain the styles of leadership. Furthermore the author will take a real life leader on her wish and explain that special persons leadership qualities and the style by providing enough of evidence.The meaning of LeadershipLeadership has the capability to impress the will of the leader on those led and be get in obedience, respect, loyalty, and corporation. He in any case mentions that leadership is a result of an ability to deviate or direct men, apart from prestige or power that comes from mail or external circumstances. ( Joanne B, 2004) On the other hand Leadership also an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes that suppose their mutual purposes. (Marg art FK, 2006)Leadership StylesThere are different types of leadership styles. Leadership styles can be identified of their characteristics, an implicit leadership philosophy, and a hang of management skills typical of each style. Different leadership styles that includes autocratic, democratic, laissez faire, Transformational and transactional.There are different types of leadership stylesLeadership QualitiesThere is lot of qualities a leader should have. The author explains the most essential qualities a leader ought to have in todays society and those areWell character which inspires the self-assurance. Action is the freshman manoeuver of the character. Strong character gives a happy success. Secondly, when a person bring about a leader he or she have to commit themselves indeed the people you guide is depen ding on you. Communication is the third quality which could facilitate a leader to get some companion, without communication a leader will have to travel alone. Fourthly focus is something a leader needs to work on it a perfect focus makes a sharp leader. Finally when a problem appears a leader moldiness know how to face that and solve it without keeping a problem as a problem. For any question mark there will be a full stop. To find answers for those problems a leader should be alert of problem solving quality.Example leader with autocratic leadershipMargaretThatcher was the first and longest serving female prime minister of Britain. Self-confidence, sincerity, cheerfulness, integrity and hold back are just a few traits that expose Margaret Thatcher. She is a belief politician. She is well known for her autocratic leadership style. She was taught bountiful works, morals and well-built utilization of self help. So how approximately did Thatchers autocratic leadership pass towa rds her prime ministerial decisions? (INFORMA AUSTRALIA, 2013) http//informaaustralia.wordpress.com/2013/11/25/margaret-thatcher-leadership-skills-of-the-iron-lady/Determination of Thatcher is eventually what enabled her to place goals and see them through, as well as dropping the pressure of make out unions. She narrowed the pressure of unions through legislature. Thatcher finally broke the resolve of theNational Unionof Mineworkers (NUM) pursuance a year of strikes, with the NUM finally granting without a deal.She is a woman with olympian and confident and not easy to know her well. When she wants to achieve something or get something she never gives up on it even if its impossible. She always tends to blend passionately rather than living superficially. Thatcher is good to face situation alike crisis and she enjoy living at full capacity. Either positive or negative, she has a strong, immediate gut reaction, which proves to be correct. One of her confidence in her ideals was feature of her prime ministerial tenure, and it caused her to run a government found on conviction politicsand motivated mainly on her own values.(http//famous-relationships.topsynergy.com/Margaret_Thatcher/Attitude.asp, nodate). stopping pointIn outline, the definitions provided gave an understanding of what is leadership. Why Leadership is important to this world. MargaretThatcher is a strong, self-assurance and very power full leader. She is a good leader for this world. book of factsAntonakis, J, etal (2004). The nature of leadership. Sage.Michael, W. (2002) Leaderships Adversary. Google books online Available at http//books.google.lk/books/about/Leadership_s_Adversary.html?id=IZj8CjyqzykCredir_esc=y (Accessed twenty-third February 2014)Joanne B (2004) Ethics, the Heart of Leadership. Google books online Available athttp//books.google.lk/books?id=gr1_nnC9zUACpg=PA10dq=definition+of+leadershiphl=ensa=Xei=VFETU_nZA8qHlAXZ8IDIDgved=0CC4Q6AEwAQv=onepageq=definition%20of%20leaders hipf= imitative (Accessed 23rd February 2014)Margaret FK (2006) Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the Workplace. Google books online Available at http//books.google.lk/books?id=GatUbd5tZnACpg=PA45dq=An+influence+relationship+among+leaders+and+followers+who+intend+real+changes+that+reflect+their+mutual+purposes+%28Rost,+1991%29.hl=ensa=Xei=nFYTU4erH4z9lAW9lYCYDQved=0CCgQ6AEwAAv=onepageq=An%20influence%20relationship%20among%20leaders%20and%20followers%20who%20intend%20real%20changes%20that%20reflect%20their%20mutual%20purposes%20(Rost%2C%201991).f=false(Accessed 23rd February 2014)Joseph C R (1991) Leadership for the Twenty-first Century. Google books online http//books.google.lk/books?id=bM7E8ORH7QCpg=PA101dq=definition+on+leadershiphl=ensa=Xei=-74MU7-PKILilAXIDIAgved=0CCgQ6AEwAAv=onepageq=definition on leadershipf=false (Accessed 24th February 2014)D.D Warrick (1981) This article discussesleadership styletheories pp.3-4 155-172 online Aailable at fys.utk.edu/wp-content/blogs.dir/108/f iles//Warrick_Leadership.pdf (Accessed twenty-fifth February 2014 )www.ansc.purdue.edu/courses/communicationskills/leaderqualities.pdf, (no date) (Accessed twenty-eighth February 2014)INFORMA AUSTRALIA(2013) Available athttp//informaaustralia.wordpress.com/2013/11/25/margaret-thatcher-leadership-skills-of-the-iron-lady/(Accessed28th February 2014 )http//famous-relationships.topsynergy.com/Margaret_Thatcher/Attitude.asp, (no date) (Accessed 28th February 2014)http//www.centerforworklife.com/margaret-thatcher-leadership-qualities-to-note/,(no date) (Accessed 28th February 2014)Ami22(2004) The leadership of Magaret thatcher. Available at http//www.writework.com/essay/leadership-margaret-thatcher-first-woman-prime-minister-br (Accessed 28th February 2014)http//kellenbaldock.wordpress.com/2013/03/10/iron-lady-leadership/(Accessed 29th February 2014)

Factors Affecting Kidney Function

Factors Affecting Kidney FunctionKidney Diseases and exterminate stage nephritic sorrow be not isolated to affecting just the kidney. any organs ar moved(p) by the disruption finished Kidney unsoundness and similarly opposite organs leave alone in any case affect the kidney and how it functions. The undermentioned five unsoundnesss show the impact they acquire on the kidney, its function and pathophysiology.2. human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndromeRenal complications in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS rear be every as a result of the long-term repetition of, or simultaneous infections in an immune suppressed patient or as a result of the many drugs (nephrotoxins) use to treat the HIV/AIDS virus. The exact role that the HI-Virus plays in the pathology of the kidney is still contr oversial (James, 20051632-1633).There are a number of kidney diseases identified by means of biopsies associated with HIV, the most preponderant o ne be HIV-associated Nephropathy. Others are Mesangial Glomerulonephritis where immune deposits are seen, to a lesser degree in any case minimal change disease, TTP/HUS, Amyloidosis and Lymphoma (Dolin, 20081257).It was shown that the type of nephropathy was also clearly defined by race, much(prenominal) being that people of drab African origin predominantly showed HIV-associated nephropathy whereas in other racial groups immune complexes played the major role (James, 20051632-1633).In a take in finished by Tygerberg hospital in conjunction with Stellenbosch university it has shown that 54% of biopsies done on Black HIV positive patients show HIV nephropathies, in the USA this figure shows that it is the 3rd most roughhewn cause of end stage renal disaster (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy accessed 19/03/2011).In HIV-associated nephropathy thither is sclerosis of the glomerular apparatus as hygienic as microcystic tubulointerstitial disease which is de fined by the enlargement of the tubules with protein deposits in the tubular space as well as oedema in the surrounding tissue, fibrosis and inflammation (Dolin, 20081257).Where kidney booking is collectable to immune complex deposits the entire nephron is involved this can be as a direct result of infection from the virus or alternatively callable to the release of cytokines when first infected with HIV (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy accessed 19/03/2011). discourse sorts include transplantation, which can however, pose problems with regard to medical specialty interactions between antiretroviral drugs and immunosuppressants, furthermore a high rate of rejection as well as a high guess of cardiovascular disease business office transplant are a problem (Trullas in press)Treatment consists of slowing the act to ESKD and treating the HIV infection with antiretroviral drugs, further treatment with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE inhibitors) and angio tensin receptor blockers are used to treat hypertension, possibly immunosuppressant drugs or steroids and dialysis if kidney disaster progresses to inveterate (Greenberg, 2009254)3. MalariaThere are four types of malaria parasites the one that is in general cognise to show manifestations in other organs including the kidney is Plasmodium falciparum. There are over 500 million people infected with this parasite intercontinental with an annual death rate of between 1-3 million.There are over 100 countries worldwide in which malaria is prevalent and many of these countries have account a 0.57- 60% vivid renal affliction as a result of malaria. It has also shown that the stabbing renal trouble associated with malaria is more mutual in adults than children in the tropics where transmission of malaria is low or hazardous and where symptomatic disease occurs at all ages (Idonije, 20114-7)Acute renal failure occurs in a very small percentage of the cases infected, however the d eath rate rate can be as high as 45%. (Saroj, 2008395)The exact pathophysiology of Malarial Acute Renal Failure is not cognise scarce there are many theories as to how the kidney is affected, namely through obstruction and adherence of the vascular space by disease affected and thus altered erythrocytes, this is known as erythrocyte sequestration. Further, immune complexes may be responsible for changes in the glomerular and tubular physiology.Dehydration due to sweating, vomiting and trim fluid stirring can consume to tamed perfusion of the kidney with ischemia resulting in acute kidney failure.Pulmonary oedema, acute respiratory sorrow syndrome and anaemia are all factors that may complicate the malarial acute renal failure.Treatment options include the identification of the intricacy of the kidney early on which may be difficult in particular in home base treatment in the rural environment, renal switch overment therapy (haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), anti ma larial drugs, intravenous fluid replacement (although this may lead to pulmonary oedema and must be closely monitored), diuretics which may reduce the time the patient requires dialysis, possible communication channel transfusion to help replace fluids as well as answer with the malaria induced anaemia and the turning a modality of nephrotoxic drugs (Das, 200883-97).Mortality of patients increases with high Creatine levels, oliguria/anuria, anaemia CNS involvement and late referral to a tertiary care center for early commencement of treatment, age plays no role in the mortality of these patients (Kanodia, 20101088-1091).4. HUS/TTPThere are three reasons for thrombocytopenia namely due to platelet destruction as in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) and Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), failure of platelet yield as in malignancies and platelet sequestration (Underwood, 2009585)TTP and HUS are some(prenominal) thrombotic microangiopathies and both are characterised by the deposition of c disperses in the small vessels of various organs, amongst these being the Kidney. There is a large clinical overlap between the ii (Underwood, 2009670).HUS is an acute disorder often following a haemorrhagic or diarrhoeal illness. It is characterised by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, which is caused due to an increase in fibrin in the vessels and this fibrin network damages the erythrocytes causing anaemia. It has been established that HUS is associated with viral and bacterial infections especially in children (McCance, 20101408).Both HUS and TTP are linked to pregnancy cerebrate acute kidney failure only when it is a rare occurrence. If they occur then(prenominal) HUS loosely occurs postpartum whereas TTP is linked to pre-eclampsia and occurs pre delivery (Greenberg, 2009410).The toxin released from a bacterium much(prenominal) as E. coli causes inflammation when it attaches to the wall of the intestine and from here enters the vascular system. It find s its way to the kidney where it causes damage both in the glomerular and tubular system through thrombosis, and inflammation and thus kidney failure. This infection may also cause fever, hypertension, intellectual and pulmonary oedema, congestive heart failure and seizures (Lerma, 2009289).TTP on the other pop off is caused by blockage of the small vessels through the accumulation of platelets causing vascular lesions in the central nervous system, heart and kidney causing organ failure or malfunction (Underwood 2009671).There are two types of TTP, one is chronic relapsing TTP which is rare and the other is idiopathic relapsing TTP. This is a lot more severe in its course and can be pitch-dark within 3 months if left untreated (McCance, 20101046).Treatment for diarrhoeal related HUS is generally supportive, fluid-electrolyte replacement, blood transfusion and dialysis if needed. Recovery rate is high but there is a 3-5% mortality rate during the acute phase (DAgati, 2005498)Glome rular involvement HUS has a better prognosis than HUS with a high vascular involvement.Compared to HUS, the TTP has less haemolysis and milder renal impairment but shows more neurologic symptoms such as confusion, headache and motor and sensory defects.Treatment for TTP takes the form of plasma exchange with fresh frozen plasma. Since the implementation of this therapy form the mortality rate has dropped by approximately 25% but with severe renal involvement it still has a poor prognosis. It may re-occur in 25% of the patients who have been successfully treated (DAgati, 2005511).5. HELLP SyndromeHELLP Syndrome is an acronym for Haemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets and is generally found in large(predicate) woman who have gear uped preeclampsia or eclampsia (Gould, 2006120). Symptoms are Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, elevated liver enzymes are due to obstruction of the hepatic vessels by fibrin deposits and the low platelets are the result of either increas ed use of or the destruction of platelets (Counts, 2008168).HELLP Syndrome may only develop during labour and as with preeclampsia the best cure is the delivery of the baby. difficult bleeding is un probable unless platelet counts are very low (below 50 000/mm3). Severe thrombocytopenia or rupture of a subcapsular liver hematoma can both be life threatening (Ratcliffe, 2008493)Many signs and symptoms such as jaundice, hematuria, GIT bleeds, gum bleeds can be seen in pregnant woman which are related to HELLP but could be mistaken for other diseases such as Hepatitis, ulcers, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, TTP or HUS so a full blood count is essential to differentiate HELLP from other diseases (Queenan, 2007275)HELLP Syndrome is one of the Thrombotic Microangiopathies as is TTP and HUS but as it is a result of preeclampsia it only occurs during pregnancy and then usually only in the third trimester. Preeclampsia is more common than TTP/HUS during pregnancy but with a lower risk of renal failure unless the case is a severe one.HELLP syndrome shows mild disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) which is characterised by undisciplined coagulation, increase in bleeding time and liver enzymes (Greenberg, 2009410)It can be potentially fatal to the expectant mother, decrease perfusion of placenta thus threatening the fetus (Counts, 2008168) with a mortality rate of up to 24% for the mother and 7.7 60% to the unborn due to intrauterine asphyxia, placenta detachment or extreme prematurity (Feehally, 2007350).In some instances symptoms do not improve after hand over but generally the best therapy is the delivery of the baby. Corticosteroids may be used to help hasten the recovery and reduce the need for blood products (Feehally, 2007350). Treatment is generally symptomatic the stasis of any bleeding, blood products if a significant meter of blood was helpless or is still likely to be lost without intervention, and the same applies for FFP. A cryoprecipitate may be given if the fibrinogen levels are low (for example Factor VIII from frozen blood) and fibrinolysis inhibitors may be considered in some patients (McPhee, 2009474-475).6. RhabdomyolysisRhabdomyolysis is due to damage of muscle cells as a result of a variety of factors and can become a unplayful problem (McCance, 20101575). As a result of the damage of muscle cells, its contents (myoglobin, enzymes, potassium and phosphorus) leak into the blood stream. The kidneys secrete myoglobin as myoglobinuria in the pee (Lerma, 2009109).Muscle cell damage can be due to a variety of reasons and amongst others are Trauma, extreme exercise, seizures, compromised blood flow, electrolyte disturbances (such as hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia), drugs, temperature (hyperthermia, burns), inflammation and infections. clinically this disease can vary from mild, with slightly elevated serum levels of myoglobin and creatin kinase (CK) to severe with the necessity for renal replacement therapy. Inci dence of acute kidney failure due to rhabdomyolysis is as high as 5-15% (Greenberg, 2009298-299).Renal insuffiency is due to the ebullient amounts of myoglobin being filtered by the kidney resulting in tubular injury and is generally also associated with hypovolaemia (McPhee, 2009742). Large amounts of myoglobin may clog the nephrons with these being overwhelmed and may pay off casts which will also cause obstruction in the tubules. Hypovolaemia is due to not only a decrease in fluid intake but also due to large amounts of fluid accumulating in the damage muscle tissue (Counts, 2008162-163).Decreased renal blood flow, hypovolaemia and sexually transmitted disease urine all are signs that acute tubular necrosis is likely (Lerma, 2009109).Treatment consists of hydration with high volumes of preferably IV fluids to increase the intravascular fluid volume, thus increase the perfusion of the kidneys and forcing diuresis, reducing the risk of cast formations in the tubules and increas ing the GFR.In severe cases of rhabdomyolis the use of mannitol and bicarbonate to improve urine pH as well as high fluid volumes of up to 12l/24hours have proven beneficial, Dialysis may need to be commenced if urinary output carcass low and with urea and hyperkalemia not responding to conservative treatment (Greenberg, 2009302). Fluid arrangement must be carefully monitored, as there is a risk of pulmonary oedema in the face of acute kidney failure. The mannitol will assist in myoglobin clearance and urine flow and thus assist with the reduction of the nephrotoxicity of the myoglobin. CK levels will drop over a period of a few days provided there is no further injury to the muscle. hypocalcemia is generally not treated in these instances, as the calcium tends to stack up in the injured tissue (Lerma, 2009112).7. ConclusionMany external factors and diseases with origins elsewhere in the body, easily affect the kidney in its function. The above five diseases face just a small p ercentage of the many diseases and dysfunctions which affect the kidney in a multitude of ways and gives us an insight of just how important an organ it is.

Improving Quality of Life for HIV Sufferers

Improving Quality of Life for charit adapted immunodeficiency virus Sufferers macrocosmIt is esteemed that over thirty ternion million lot in the worldly concern atomic number 18 pecuniary backing with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, (WHO, 2009). The majority of great deal animateness-time with human immunodeficiency virus ar in developing countries, approximately 95% of the total. sub-Saharan Africa has been hit especi tot tot allyyy hard. It is esteemed that nearly 70% of all human immunodeficiency virus give state live in this ara and 90% of maternal-fetal transmitting arrange ment atomic number 18 occurring there. Compared with the adult transmitting rate in developed countries which is press down than 1%, it is 8% in sub-Saharan Africa, (Boyle, 2000). New cases of human immunodeficiency virus transmitting are report e precise year and to a greater extent and more than citizenry living with human immunodeficiency vir us are diagnosed support as they get aged, (Vance, Struzick and Burrage, 2009). So far, there is no hard-hitting way to cure this disease. Antiretroviral interposition (ART) is the providedton up hard-hitting way to treat people living with human immunodeficiency virus. It compressifi gougetly controls the virus load within patients bo leads. It has been a great advance toward extending patients t matchlessspan and up their flavor of biography. Because of its therapeutic effect, m whatever human immunodeficiency virus positivist people are able to live with this virus for some years. However, for many people, human immunodeficiency virus/ assist is still a assayful and demanding disease, (Van Dyk, 2007). On top of that, for many human immunodeficiency virus give people in developing countries, the cost of ART is prohibitively expensive. Poverty and a lack of resources are recognized as the about noteworthy barriers which make caring for human immunodeficiency virus -infected patients and effective prevention efforts virtually impractical in most developing countries, (Boyle, 2000). As cordial breeding is world-shakingly effected in a negatively charged way for this existence by companionable stigma, conduct is only getting more difficult. People are afraid of organism associated with human immunodeficiency virus coercive people due to dickens major seasons A) the fear of be infected themselves B) the discrimination touch the disease. Loneliness, failing and self-blame create a high suicidal ideation among human immunodeficiency virus infected people. Therefore, they a great deal need counseling and psychosocial halt, (UNAIDS, 2008).There is a special sub-group of population that ineluctably rough extra attention lesbian people. explore, (Kraaij, Van Der Veek, Garnefski, et al, 2008) shows that human immunodeficiency virus transmission system rate among man people is around thirty times higher(prenominal) than average. I n addition, nearlyness e fibre is far from easy for bothone. Most homo awakenual people discombobulate witnessed or experienced discrimination from hetero awakenual urgeual people, (Gonsiorek Weinrich, 1991, pp.15-20). This growth is much more atrocious in eastern countries due to the cultural background.Homosexual people may look into human immunodeficiency virus infection as blameworthy not only because of a self-protection motive but as well because sexual risk reduction has been strongly promoted in the comical community. The relationship amid sexual orientation an blame is anticipated, (Collins, 1994).No certainty shows that effective actions hand over been taken to stop highly risky behaviors which order forward cause human immunodeficiency virus transmission, such as anal sex among men, dose abuse, et al. Statistics show that the estimated prevalence of past-5-year transvestite behavior among males was 6.2, 4.5 and 10.7 in the US, the UK and France, respe ctively. Similar or even higher prevalence was observed in other areas of the world, (Lau, Kim and Tsui, 2008). Therefore, in the raw human immunodeficiency virus infections are still fetching place. Besides, proprospiciented biography of HIV infected people is in any case associated with more newfangled HIV infections. or so qualitative studies may be able to reveal how world HIV infected and homosexual affects ones purport. As Aggleton, Hart and Davies, et al., (1999), believed that social stigma is not equal finishedout the world, and they argued being gay was a significant cipher in migration for some. Homosexual people who cannot live a normal life in their home countries would alike to leave for a foreign arena where they can continue their modus vivendis but require no relatives or close friends. It is potentially dangerous for their wellness status, especially after they are infected by HIV. The respond of a male interviewee from Brazil in their admit is very st rongly underpinning this point,you have to get married to leave the house. They (parent) see like if you are leaving the house its because youre not happy so you dont even have any need to talk to us any more, thats how they react. So we have to stay living with our parents so we cant have boyfriends. So that is why everyone leave the countryIn deal of acquaintance and social meshing studys, homosexual people tend to be very special in choosing friends. agree to Aggleton, Hart and Davies, et al., (1999), gay people are very believably to have virtually whole gay friend and some only have a small mixture of friends of diverse sexuality. It suggests social stigma has negatively affected homosexual peoples socialization.In the UK, wellness polity surrounding sexual health of homosexual people is closely cogitate to HIV epidemics. De discontinuement of health promoted a ten year subject Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV, which aims at reduce the transmission of HIV an d STDs, improving health and social plow for people living with HIV, and reducing the stigma associated with HIV and STDs, (2001). However, according to James, it is failing to significantly reduce the transmission of STD or HIV and to ameliorate health and life quality for HIV infected people, despite millions of funding has been invested for sexual health service over three years. New interrogation is required to provide better solution, (James, 2009).Therefore, it is all-important(prenominal) to govern out the expert practices in improving life quality for homosexual people living with HIV, not only from a medical exam perspective, but also from a social and humanitarian perspective.Importance of regular judgmentTo my knowledge, previous studies have seldom touched this area. The few subsisting studies were focusing the effectiveness of one or cardinal discussions. Therefore, they could not usher all the replete(p) practices in a more self-opinionated way. tone th rough Cochrane Library, several systematic appraises have been conducted in relation with quality of life for people living with HIV, (see appendix). However, none of them is focusing on homosexual population. The special health need has not been fully addressed.The aim of this judgement is to find the most effective ways to help homosexual people with HIV cope this severe disease and the stress associated, and to provide the outgo evidence to present the good practices to repair quality of life for the bespeaked population. question question for this appraisal can be summarized as what are the take up ways of improving life quality for homosexual people living with HIV. To be more specific, this question can be interpreted by several small and more tips questions1) Besides medical treatment, what do homosexual people living with HIV need the most?2) What are the capaciousgest obscures for these people to have a good life?3) What are the good practices that have been utilis e in improving HIV positive peoples life quality?4) What are the strengths and limits of there practices?5) From what aspects can these practices be upgrade meliorate?Systematic Review MethodologyIn decree to answer these questions, a systematic review methodology entrust be applied. A systematic review of literature synthesizes the evidence which is set in motion in previous literatures that utilise valid and reliable research methods to conduct the experiments, (Evans, 2002). It is one essential accomplishment for health care providers to acquire to base constitution decisions on the better available evidence, besides their knowledge of research methodology, (Jubb, 2002). Therefore, systematic review are extremely important for making new policies. Originally, systematic reviews would only take on study design that applied disarrange control trials, but it has changed through the time. Today all kinds of research design methodologies can be intromit in the review as l ong as they have policy relevance. It has been widely acknowledged of the value of including diverse research methodologies based on the fact that randomized control trials cannot answer the entire question requisite for evidence.However, for this particular dissertation, the fully structured systematic review would not be used because A) it is an individual work instead of a team work B) assess to existing literatures is limited due to the fund and time. I am going to use the systematic appraisal instead, which adopts the same methodology as systematic review but doesnt include all the existing literatures connect to the topic.Conclusion of the chapterThe importance of purpose the best ways of improving life quality for HIV infected homosexual people has been addressed in this chapter. In order to r separately this goal, a systematic appraisal go forth be conducted. By selecting and reviewing previous studies in this stage setting, evidences will provided to get a line the go od practices and suggestions for future practice and policy making will be given.Chapter twain Literature OverviewIntroduction to the chapterIn this chapter, several give away literatures will be carefully selected and critically reviewed to find the emerging themes on the topic of HIV transmission and ways of improving quality of life for homosexual people living with HIV. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a clear context in which this appraisal will be done. It will also put this appraisal in a national and international health counseling context to show its importance against a broader backdrop.Databases SearchedNORA (online inquiring vehicle of Northumbria University) is the key searching engine because it provides the ingress to gist health related selective informationbases such as ASSIA, HSWE, Web of Knowledge, and PubMed, et al. Using searching key words, HIV/ADIS, Homosexual/gay, quality of life/life quality, on NORA and other databases respectively, more than sixty articles were selected. scarce studies that were published in referee journals were selected. Selected studies were not limited methodologically, so broader brain on the research topic will be obtained. Similarly, research population of each study was not limited in terms of location, ethnics, or social-economical status.Emerging themes arising from key literaturesKey literatures surrounding HIV/AIDS and homosexuality and life quality were carefully selected and reviewed. Throughout the literatures, three emerging themes were rig wallops of HIV infection on peoples life impacts of sexuality previous researches on health care strategies.How does HIV infection impact on peoples life?A progressive loss of immune functioning, as a primary(prenominal) characteristic of HIV disease, will cause opportunistic infection, (Bormann Aschbacher, et al., 2009). Immune system functioning can be negatively affected by high levels of cortisol, a marker of stress-related neuroendocrine activity with substantial immunosuppressive and modulatory capabilities, (Borghetti, Saleri, Mocchegiani, et al., 2009).It is yet one major impact of HIV infection on peoples life, medical-wisely. However, more literatures addressed burns surrounding HIV transmission and its severe impacts from social-cultural perspectives.As Hansen, Vaughan, and Cavanaugh, et al. (2009) argued unsociable or borderline personality disorder is a common sign among people living with HIV, which can be regarded as a significant soothsayer of low health related quality of life, putting social swan, grief severity and HIV symptoms into consideration. Both direct and indirect impacts of this predictor can effect on patients life quality. It is also responsible for go on risky sexual behavior, poor medical treatment gravelnce and severe disease progression, (Berg, Michelson Safren, 2007).This argument is in line with other studies, such like Moskowiz, Hult and Bussolari, (2009) who believed that p eople who are infected by HIV are much more vulnerable to mental disorder problems, because many aspects of HIV infection are potentially stressful, such as the fear of stopping point, the need to adhere to knotty medication regimens, side-effects of the treatment, interactions with a complex medical system, symptoms associated with disease progression, financial difficulties, stigma, and the need to incorporate a new identity as mortal with a serious illness are all potential stressors associated with being HIV positive. All these stressors are not unique to HIV, but they are more aggressive in HIV epidemic, (Armistead Forehand, 1995).Hansen, Vaughan, and Cavanaugh, et al., (2009), also accentuated that HIV positive people who are bereaved by HIV related death of beloved ones, are particularly vulnerable to the complicated grief reactions. mental health of this population is an urgent issue for health care and health management.Health issues surrounding HIV are different from individuals to individuals, taking nationality, ethnics, sexual practice and other social factors into consideration. The major difference of HIV infection between people in developed countries and people in developing countries is with regard to income level, availability of sufficient nutrition and equal access to basic health service, (Mahlungulu, Grobler, Visser, et al., 2007).HIV/AIDS changes people life to a large extend, some(prenominal) physically and psychologically. When facing societal discrimination and other hardships related to HIV/AIDS, a strong and supportive family is one of the first lines of defense, (Bor, Miller Goldman, 1993). A qualitative study from China, (Li Wu, et al, 2006), found that family support had multiple levels of positive impact on HIV infected people. Support from family members helped people living with HIV make important decisions which were beneficial to their health status, such as taking virus load test and taking medication regularly. It also helped improve family relationship, because with family supports, people living with HIV gained hopes for their future and valued their families more and had a positive attitude toward life in universal, (Manopaiboon, Shaffer Clark, 1998).With family support, many of the participants expressed positive attitudes and made positive changes in their lives. Family members persuaded several participants to be tested for HIV. atomic number 53 female participant explained how initially she did not want to take the HIV test and how her father convinced her to do so. (Li Wu, et al, 2006).A study in the United States also stressed the relation between HIV cognizance and family support, (Persson, Gullberg, Hanson, et al, 1994). agree to the study, HIV seropositivity sensation of family member is closely related to the support one can get after being infected. More awareness of the family members would bring more support planetaryly. However, the reality shows, there is a or ientation of HIV serostatus disclosure target within the family. More mothers were disclosed to than fathers sisters were more likely to be aware of ones HIV infection than brothers, (Mason, Marks Simoni, 1995).How does being homosexual impact on peoples life?Being homosexual ostensibly puts any individual into a sexual minority. Life can be much more complicated, considering legal right of marriage, social stigma and discriminations, waver from homophobic people, and many other factors, (Sullivan Schneider, 2004).Multiple sexual partners are one big issue that has been talked a lot. Halkitis, Moeller and Siconolfi, et al., (2004), addressed a special issue against this backdrop. They found the prevalence of crystal meth use among men who have sex with men has been shown to be twenty times higher than the general population. More importantly, it was closely related to an increased sexual risking taking by this population. Crystal meth augments an individuals sexual drive and all ows users stay high for an panoptic period of time, which may increase the odds of multiple sexual encounters with many sexual partnersCondom use was inconsistent and some people never used condom while on crystal, (Mimiaga, Fair Mayer, et al., 2008).Besides the complicated lifestyle of homosexual people, health in equality puts them further to a marginalized area of the society. Cochran, and Mays, (2007) found that people from sexual minorities, such homosexuals, bisexuals, transgender and heterosexual people who had experienced sex with the same sex people, may have unrecognized disparities in general physical health that go beyond the conditions specifically associated with STDs among homosexually nimble people, equalised with exclusively heterosexual individuals. These disparities may include a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, lung cancer as a possible consequence of higher range of smoking, and a higher risk for diabetes among lesbians and bisexual women, (Roberts, Dibble and Nussey, et al., 2003).It shows though reported being in good physical and mental health, people who learn themselves as homosexual or bisexual oriented are more likely to be exposed to health problems. Sexual orientation minorities are more vulnerable to higher risk of common health issues and limitations, (Ayala Coleman, 2000). higher(prenominal) levels of psychological distress among people of sexual orientation are also observed, compared with their heterosexual counterpart. Even within sexual orientation minority population, health issues are not equally distributed, (Prado, Pratt Feaster, et al., 2004).Johnson, Wadsworth and Wellings, et al., (1992), also agree with the above studies. According to their research, men who have sex with men are more likely to suffer from health problems as a result of poor access to health care services caused by health inequalities. They also mentioned homophobia is other factor which can cause emotional distress. It could cause i ncidences of suicide, bipolar psychiatric disorders and depression, (Sell, Wells Wypij, 1995).Psychological issue of being homosexual has also been discussed by Mao and Kidd et al (2009). They stated that major depression was strongly associated with socio-economic deprivation, interpersonal isolation and personal withdrawal as part of life equality for homosexual people. Sexual function contributed as one factor for mental well-being too. The vicious cycle between depression, stress and social forcing out should be highlighted in this context, (Choenarom, Williams Hagerty, 2005).Both HIV positive and HIV negative gay men are found to have high rank of major depression. It could be explained by the impacts of marginalization and discrimination experienced by gay men. Low acceptance of homosexuality by oneself, by significant others and by society as a whole may well predispose gay men to more stressful life events and few social and sexual opportunities at an earlier stage of l ife than men in general, (Mao Kidd, et al., 2009).What did previous research attempt to do? What have they achieved?According to Bormann and Aschbacher, et al., (2009), HIV infection has become a long-term disease that can be managed with medical care and support, rather than an immediate death create disease, after the introduction and utilization of highly active antiretroviral therapy.However, the prolonged life expectancy doesnt guarantee the quality of life. As Liu and Ostrow, et al (2006), argued that a labyrinthine sense between improvements through diminished HIV-related morbidity and potential declines posed by its side effects was always observed as a net effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy in treating HIV infection and impacting on patients overall quality of life. After receiving the therapy, patients physical health well-being would further decrease with high effect sizes, though mental health would improve after longer treatment with small effect size, (M iners, Sabin Mocroft, et al., 2001).As stress is a big issue for HIV infected people, stress management natural becomes one key research area. In general, different contend and stress management therapies for adults living with HIV infection were found effective in reducing emotional distress including anxiety, depression, and psychological distress. These interventions also cut back fatigue and improved quality of life, (Carey Fielder, 2008). However, as Moskowiz, Hult Bussolari, (2009) concluded that little consent across studies regarding grapple strategies and types of outcomes could be found because the literature on coping with HIV is large and heterogeneous with respect to measures of coping, outcomes, and conclusions. Therefore, it is important to identify all copy strategies in regards of stress management for HIV infection and compare them to find out the best practices and the common features shared by all good practices.Besides stress management by patients themse lves, social support was observes as another key element in health care for people living with HIV. Social support and support from families member have the appearance _or_ semblance to be more precious in some part of the world because they are harder to get due to the huge stigma and discrimination surrounding HIV epidemic and homosexuality. As Songwathana and Manderson, (2001) found that in Thailand, HIV infected people and their families were both afraid of disclosing their HIV seropositivity to the community because it would bring put down to the whole family. According to Li and Wu, (2006), it is similar in China. HIV/AIDS is always associated with over indulgent sexual intercourses, prostitution, and illegal drug abuse, all of which are considered as low moral status. The strong influence of refining in Asian countries makes it so hard for people living with HIV to seek for help and support.National and international context on health managementTaking the UK for an example , Department of Health has promoted the strategy of sexual health and HIV across the nation. It is estimated that 30, 000 people in the UK are living with HIV, of who one third gear are not aware of their seropositivity. About 400 people die of HIV infection every year. The newly diagnosed HIV cases reached a new peak at the beginning for 21st century. Very noticeably, more HIV infect occurred among heterosexual population. However, sex between men still corpse the major transmission route in the country. Combination therapy has improved the lifespan of people living with HIV. Unfortunately, it also provides the possibility of more new HIV infection cases. A survey targeted on gay men showed 58% guys under 20 did not use a condom when having sex with another man. Nearly half of HIV positive men have anal sex with a new partner not long time ago, and 40% of these people had unprotected sex with their partners. Highly active antiretroviral therapy is complex, prohibitive and extreme ly demanding on the patients. These patients may also be torment from prejudice and social stigma. From a health management perspective, in order to promote HIV prevention and health care for HIV infected people, several actions will be taken by Department of Health in the UK. 1) continue to give a high priority to HIV prevention for gay men 2) develop a national AIDS trust 3) improve outreach services for people with undiagnosed HIV, particularly in targeted groups 4) make sure HIV treatment and care services stand for a key role in HIV prevention by maintaining the sexual health of people living with HIV, diagnosing and treating STDs, reducing the transmission of HIV and providing training and advice, et al, (Department of Health, 2009).From a wider context, HIV is also a big concern of global epidemics. World Health Organization summarized in its publicise that to manage global health in a more effective way in terms of HIV transmission, interventions must be targeted and th ey must be carried out in the right supportive environment. Thailand has set a good trendl for the rest,Close examination of the celebrated example of the vitamin C% condom use campaign in Thailand shows its success to have depended on its being part of a package HIV prevention became part of Thailands national sense of destiny, from the Prime Minister down. There was a nationwide debate on sexual mores, together with structural solutions such as regulation of the sex industry, intensive education, skills development and peer intervention with sex workers, and efforts targeting clients.World Health OrganizationAs Piot and Seck, (2001) stated, it is also important to skeletal system synergies between prevention and health care. As the Declaration of Commitment espouse by the UN General Assembly recognized that prevention, care, support and treatment for those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS are mutually reinforcing elements of an effective response. Successful prevention and ca re build a common constituency for action.WHO also identified HIV-related stigma may well be the greatest obstruction to action against the epidemic, for individuals and communities as well as political, business and religious leaders. Therefore, defeating HIV related stigma is a key element in health care for people with HIV, (Piot Seck, 2001).Systematic appraisal arising from literatureAfter reviewing applicable literatures, a need of a systematic appraisal which aims at finding the best ways of improving life quality for homosexual people living with HIV is emerging, because the impact of HIV infection and impact of being homosexual on peoples life are tremendous. Identifying good practices to improve life quality for this particular population is not only beneficial for the target group, but also will provide lots of inspiration for health care of other population.Conclusion of this chapter and link to next chapterIn this chapter, key literatures surrounding HIV transmission and health care, life quality of homosexual people and people living with HIV, previous studies on HIV treatment and caring were carefully reviewed to identify the need of conducting this systematic appraisal. Details of how this appraisal will be done are explained in the next chapter.Chapter three Methodology and MethodsIntroduction to the chapterIn this chapter, the process of this systematic appraisal will be outlined, including explanation of research question in details, search theories and principles, literature searching strategy and vehicles, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and ethics concerns. A plan discussion of numerical and qualitative research approaches will be conducted in a health management context. The purpose of this chapter is to explain how the public health studies were selected and how they were valid and reliable methodologically to provide evidence to answer the research question of this appraisal. Also explanation of inclusion/exclusion criteria will be given in this chapter.Qualitative and duodecimal approaches in health sciencesAs Eriksson pointed,Public health needs to be evidence-based if it is to be done correctly, which bureau that learning and knowledge-production for public health must be comprehensive and include knowledge from four different domains distribution of health, determinants or causal web, consequences, and intervention methods.Eriksson, 2000To reach this goal, difference research methods have been applied. Generally, they can be put into two categories, namely, qualitative and quantitative.1) Qualitative researchDefined as a cover term for a variety of research traditions originating in philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and sociology that are epistemologically and methodologically similar,(Denzin Lincoln, 2005), qualitative research is based on an idealist philosophy, a subjective view that asserts that the world is known only through human beings perceptions, (Fawcett Alligood, 2003). Furthermore, qualitative research is regarded as a valid and important mode of scientific inquiry that generates distinctive nursing knowledge and complements the knowledge produced by quantitative research, (Fawcett Alligood, 2003).2) numerical researchAccording to Meadows, (2003), quantitative research is considered as the epitome of scientific research, which is focusing on hypothesis testing, reliability and validity. Quantitative research often involves experiment and survey. Typical quantitative experiment is randomized controlled trial, which regarded as the golden standard to provide evidence. Quantitative surveys are usually conducted by structured measures such as questionnaires and structured interviews, (Pool, Hiralal Ostelo, et al., 2010).The main strengths of qualitative research are its ability to examine the issue in detail and depth, the facts that it does not restrict the researchers to specific questions or lists and research framework and tutelage can be quickly revised as new information emerges, and its adaptability for use a wide range of subjects. However, in qualitative research, data are collected in a few cases or individuals. Research quality is heavily relied on the researchers skills. It takes more time to analyse and translating program the data. Theres are the key limitations of qualitative research, (Patton, 1990).As the mainstay of traditional biomedical research, quantitative methods has been the gold standard for establishing the efficacy or applicability of a treatment or technique. However, there are frequently great difficulties prosecute this goallogistic, political, financial and ethical. Studies may be carried out using quantitative methods of less rigour, but the possibility of erroneous conclusions increases the further one moves from the authorised prospective study, (Runciman, 2002).In fact, neither of the two research methodologies is perfect by itself. As Runciman, (2002), argued that quantitative and qualitative resea rch are complementary each provided the same information in the example chosen. A comparison of the two methodologies is seen in appendix. Each of them has its own strengths and limitations. As Eriksson (2000) said,The quantitative approaches need to be supplemented by more qualitative approaches. Evidence generated by such broader approaches gives pure conditions for learning.To conduct this appraisal, I am searching for both qualitative and quantitative studies. By reviewing quantitative studies, I will be able to identify the existing problems and by reviewing qualitative studies, I will be able to build understanding of how the problems happen and how to solve them.HIV is an extremely complex health issue, as it is far more than a medical condition. some other issues, such as social stigma, discrimination and psychological well-being, et al are closely related to HIV and people who are infected. Therefore, a mixed methodology is appropriate to be applied. As Rogers, Barton, an d Pekarsky, et al., (2005) stated bipartite interaction occurred between themes arising from the qualitative and the quantitative analyses. This augmented and clarified the findings, and provided the interconnected understanding needed to inform the larger debate about health care for marginalised groups.Explanation of research question in detailsHIV has been a global health threat for many years but so far there is no effective medication or therapy which can cure the disease or eliminate this virus. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the best way to improve the life quality for HIV patients as many new infected cases are reported every year..As Shea, Grimshaw, and wells, et al (2007) said that a well conducted systematic review addresses a carefully formulated question by analyzing all available evidence, it is very important to form an explicit research question for this appraisal.The core research question of this appraisal isWhat are the best ways to improve the life quali ty for homosexual people livin

Pc Gaming And Console Gaming Media Essay

Pc Gaming And Console Gaming Media EssayNot too considerable ago were data processors the only place to turn to, to play punts online. One of the depression eases to devil online capability was the Sega Dreamcast, which wherefore paved the way for few other consoles. The Dreamcast alas was not successful and the company went out of business, because it could no longer contri thoe it. In 2002, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube where among the first to introduce online abilities. With the popularity, the developers knew that online capability was what spicyrs wanted and consoles were being do with online capability and it became a successful musical arrangement.Online games ar very common in the play humankind, with Microsofts Xbox prevail portion leading the way with 23 waggleinal registered users. Sony has near tricks up there sleeve, and has big plans for the PlayStation 3, consoles ar starting to get game d ownloads only available on the PC. A few titles sl ew now be played across transcriptions, Final Fantasy XI uses this system and passel with PS2, PC, and Xbox 360 discharge all explore the a worry world simultaneously.However, Computers settle down own the largest selection of online games. Some of the close popular games in the world are exclusive to the PC only. Games such as earth of Warcraft and Counter Strike Source get h senescent of up 40% of online PC gamers. There are many an(prenominal) things to think about before decision making which device you want to buy. You guide to decide what font of games you want to play, and how untold m match slighty you are bequeathing to spend, and if you need a computer for other things besides gaming. Preferably, we would all have a PC and a console, but unless youre bill gates, then a comparison of the two is needed.Multiplayer gaming has been make easy with Sony and Microsoft offering online services for their products. The PS3, and Xbox comes equipped with a network card proficient out of the box, making it a simple hook up to High Speed Internet community to get into multiplayer games on Xbox Live. With Xbox Live players are able to play with people around the seery or else than having to play the AI, or have to go through the hassle of inviting friends oer to play. You are able to trash talk your opp 1nts if they you where in the same room. These things are possible on a computer, but consoles are built for this right out of the box.The biggest reason PC gaming isnt bigger than console gaming is mainly the be. Most consoles today sell for less than $500 unless its in spite of appearance the first couple months of unfreeze, often with a couple games included. A PC around the same graphical power as an Xbox 360, or a PS3 faeces cost double the price of the console. On the PC, you have a very large range of often options everywhere you look. . Prices for a high-end PCs after part get dearly-won very quickly A desktop pot start at anywhere from $1,500 to $1,700. Not that you have to spend that to a greater extent than but, if youre freeing to spend time gaming on a PC, shouldnt you make the experience worthwhile? And, that startup cost presents a serious draw hold up for a hand of people (Charlie Deitch, Cityweekly.net). Everything in a PC is customizable to fit the gamers needs. You can pick and chose what you want to be in your computer, and when newer technology comes out you have the power to kindle your computer if you want to.The second most clear advantage is simplicity. PC Gaming can be a nightmare when try to install games. People with Xboxes or PS3s can hit their saucily purchased game home and be playing within a study of minutes. There are no art cards to set up or motherboard number one woods to update, you have the assurance that your game will work on your system un wish a computer.Console games are rented out more frequently than PC games, and more easily returned if you do not like them. It i s hard to return computer games because they are easy to copy, and resale. The other business with renting PC games they weather off a CD/ videodisk with a serial code only working one time, so its not possible to Rent these games or return them. You have to take this into consideration when looking at the games available for both platforms. You will be able to rent games you dont want to buy, and if you do indeed buy the game you are able to return it and get something else if you are not satisfied. With the PC your return will just be simply rejected.Although sealing everything in one unit does seem like a good idea, when some of the components inside the box become out-dated there is no way to upgrade your console, or even repair your system without depraveing a warranty. If you void your warranty by opening your system to try and upgrade or repair yourself then you can no longer send your Xbox in for repair meaning you have to buy a new one if you cant fix it yourself. The on ly safe choice you have to repairing your system is sending it back to the manufacture and waiting 4-6 weeks to get your system back.Consoles make out only one task really well while PCs can be a wide variety of things. Some manufactures are trying to make consoles more flexible, but it is clear that it will be a long time before consoles will be able to run applications like the PC does. Keyboards use many more keys to do the same tasks you can do on a controller, but PCs offer a lot more control of the game, but it comes at a cost of hours of tutorials and practicing at the game.There is an obvious lack of connectivity between the different consoles. A lot of the games are only available to a specific type of system, which means you can only play other people who own the same system as you. This means that if you have an Xbox and your friend has a PS3 it will not be possible for you to play with each other, some other example is that there is no way for a person with a PS3 to ju mp the countless PC World of Warcraft servers available. The PS3 has made some fortify in this area, paving the way for multi platform gaming between PS3, Xbox and PC users, but there are only a couple of titles that stand out this, and there done very poorly.The PS3 and Xbox both have online potential and online connection is needed for these systems. more everyplace for a good effect while most people purchase a PS3 is because the online play is for free of charge. On the other hand Xbox games and or the online play are charged to the owner monthly, or yearly. These monthly charges abide from 1 month, 3 months, or a 12 month value. PC does hold many more games than console games because PC can come at a less cheap price. Also, the games do not cost as much to make as in a console game.Another big advantage PCs have everyplace consoles is that you can use them for other things besides playing games you can veer and create your own maps for the playing field that you want to pl ay on. But according to the gaming magazines PCs remain ahead of the gaming world look for from better graphics, pictures, and making more ability to have the game literally in the palm of your hand. Computer monitors are found with high expect and the most recent include for a processors powerful game system. though when a game is released, its impossible for a company to go back and alter this game and make it better.Online gaming helps people connect to people all from around the world and interact with different variety of individuals. various brands of computers and software generally communicated pretty well with each other. This differs from services like Xbox Live, and PS3 online. It is your only option if you want to play online, and you must have that system to play online, it is closed to everyone else that doesnt own the system you have.As your PC ages, you have the power to extend its gaming life, you can add new graphics cards, new processors, or more memory. This i s not possible on a console giving the PC a huge advantage. Even though PCs prices have come down in the recent years, they are still a lot more expensive to even the most expensive console. There are ways to cut the cost on a PC, like building it yourself or ordering a gaming computer through 3rd party companies rather than Dell or adit even then the prices of a PC are a lot more than a console. PCs are becoming a little less confusing, coming with more tutorials, but eventually the gamer will come upon some type of complication that interferes with their games, be it a video card driver that needs updating or components that are to new or old for games.The fact of the matter is, you arent 100% sure that a game will run perfect on your system like you can count on with a console. You never have the assurance that your game is going to run smoothly until youre actually playing the game you can no longer return, and even then you have to worry about the game crashing or choppy game play.Unlike many console games, PC games have the capability to get extremely difficult. While this can slide by a game depth, it can also result in many various arrays of keyboard commands and overly lengthy tutorials which one must complete in order to play the game. PC games are usually not perfect for playing on the couch, especially when the mouse and keyboard are the preferred over console controllers for first person shooting gamesThe most recent release of consoles has a lot to offer online gamers, and if youre into sports games and racing games, then a console would be your best option. If you like playing with hundreds of other people exploring one world simultaneously or first person shooting games, then there is a great deal more to choose from on the computer. Everyday Xbox Live and PS3 are getting better, but monthly fees and service charges are still very evident, and this is very unattractive to customers. Mostly PCs are still the leading option for online gaming, and it seems as if that will continue in the future.

Analysis of the Korean Film Industry

Analysis of the Korean pack persistenceCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONThis dissertation contains of six chapters. The first chapter gives a detai direct background of the Korean Film Industry, its origin and civilizement and how it has led to the so-c every(prenominal)ed Korean wafture or Korean fever. It as well as explains this consideration in order to give a better cause of the title. The next chapter consists of literature review, which al junior-grade for form the basis of the findings and the conclusion. The third chapter is a case study, I which the overstep snaps of Korea volition be discussed and comp ard with several(prenominal) top Chinese characterizations. The fourth chapter will go on to explain the methodology that will be utilise in this dissertation to facilitate the findings and have at the conclusion. It will explain the methods used in the enquiry and the research challenges virtually which the dissertation revolves. The third and fourth chapters will form the crux of the matter of this dissertation. The next chapter provides the findings and outline of the study based on close(prenominal)ly on the literature review and the research method used. This chapter will deal with the analysis and evaluation of the Korean movie constancy with respect to the Chinese grocery store and provide the answers to the research questions posed in the previous chapter. The last chapter, that is chapter six, will provide a conclusion, that is, a result of the findings and will be followed by recommendations to en sure as shooting that the Korean have attention continues to grow.1.1 BackgroundA countrys picture palace industry represents the finis, and supportstyles of the batch living in that country. The Korean fever or Korea sway is normally regarded as the substantially enhanced jut outularity of second Korean nicety all over the world. Besides, it is regarded as Hallyu (Hangul Hanja RR Hallyu), from the Korean pronunciation. In this connection, this term was coined in China in the middle of 1999 by journalists in Beijing, China, surprise by the fast increase in the popularity of modern-day in the south Korean gardening as well as entertainment business in mainland China.The Korean strike industry represents the film industries of nitrogen Korea and South Korea. age twain these countries have relatively strong film industries, that the South Korean Industry has been able to achieve inter field accl heraldic bearing and acknowledgment. The compass north Korean film industry s work on revolves around topics equal socialism and revolutionary ideas.As is the case with all new(prenominal) industries and aspect of life in Korea, its film industry has desirewise had to endure the heavy decide of political incidents. Be it the Joseon Dynasty or the Korean War, the judicatureal squ be up is spare in the Korean moving-picture show. Since the beginning, the Korean film industry revolved around mu ch(prenominal) scenarios as politics, wars, and even the activities of the governing body. A result of variables, such as the meet of the strategies to a lower placeinterpreted by the some victoryful Hollywood film producers, the handiness of a large budget, and the quality of the films produced in Korea, itself had a profound influence on the film industry of Korea.1.2 Development of the Korean Film IndustryThe first movie theatre of Korea was established in 1903. Before the cosmea of this movie theatre, the European and the Statesn films kept the Korean film screens occupied. non only this, manifestly in the period 1926-1930, it was the japanese who giveed, and operated the Korean cinemas. It was during this era that a series of films were ensnareed, that provided the beginning of quality films in China. Despite the circumstance that the film industry of Korea was at its peak in the 1950s, yet in the 1970s and 1980s with the countrys rapid economic emersion, the Kor ean politics was under pressure to liberalize is import policies and financial grocery stores for all industries. The film industry had depended upon the quota system to gain screen time for its product and to make sure a certain sum total of revenue.The production of the Hollywood smash hit films, itself, was a continuous threat to the film industry of Korea, non only in terms of its decreasing marketplaceplace dole out, but a corresponding down to the question of its survival. The market share was witnessing a downward trend because the Korean films were produced with a low budget and low quality in the face of the overeatbuster films produced by Hollywood. As a result, the market share had dropped to as low as 15% in the late 1980s. However, soon aft(prenominal) that, the transmutation of Korean film industry had started, and Korean cinema earned recognition as a commercial cinema outside the country after the success of the blockbusters, such as the film Shiri. The m ovie was produced in 1999, and captured an auditory sense of approximately 5 million population, making it to the top of the South Korean films. The film was so successful that it broke the records for the all time favourite, titanic, and welcomed the compliance of the many film producers who were keen to produce internationally repudiated films for Korea. In the process, the market share of the Korean films rose to 39.7%.A number of Korean films followed the league of Shiri, and the fact that the administration had introduced a new legislation, allowing a two day weekend for the Koreans, gave rise to the success of the Korean cinemas. In the process, the film industry of Korea was describe to grow by approximately 18% separately year, and consort to a pattern of sources, in a period of ball club years only, the market share of the Korean films had grown from 15% to 45.2%. This was taken as a good omen by many of the most successful moviemakers of Hollywood who immediately stepped in the film industry of Korea, in order to obtain licenses so as to reproduce those Korean films that had been the most successful on the box dispatchice.In these connections, the relations amongst national cinema and history is refraction, fluid rather than reflection, and what is intriguing about contemporary Korean cinema is how the shared political history of the 1980s has scram a commercial lure for the earshot.Recently, the popularity of the Korean films, Korean music, and even Korean dramas has been increasing in Asia, with the Chinese macrocosm the major(ip) viewers of such Korean television programs. With such immense success and popularity of the Korean TV programs in countries such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, along with a nonher(prenominal) parts of Asia, it is not unusual to find the influence of the Korean culture and traditions, as represent on the Korean screens, on the Asians. Due to this rapid out banquet of the Korean lifestyle, and culture in mos t of the Asian countries especially china, the Chinese used the word Hallyu to refer to the influence of Korean culture in other countries primarily through the media. This had been initiated by the broadcasting of Daejanggeum, a Korean drama, which do China the owing(p)est victim of the Korean influence in 2005.in short after, a number of articles on the new Korean riffle began to be featured in journals, magazines, news papers, etc. It was even believed that the major case for the Korean influence lies in the fact that the Korean politics took receipts of the Korean screens to step out of the financial crisis, thus taking major steps to arouse their film industry, and tradeing their films. The fact that China and Korea share some alikeities, not only in terms of their culture, but also down to civilizations and philosophies, explains such a deep impact of the Korean films on the Chinese.Today, both North Korea and South Korea have extremely flourished film industries. Ho wever, when it comes to world- all-embracing accl mystify, it is undoubtedly film industry of South Korea which catchms to capture the international market. The movies of North Korea taper more on rebellious, radical and in heavent themes.1.3 StructureThe aim of this research is to assess and analyze the relative success of the Korean film industry, and the influence of the Korean cultures in many of the Asian countries, especially China. The counsel of this thesis is attempting to summarize and analyze whether and how this Korean wave is shaped in China mainland market and how it has squeeze to Chinese audiences by critically commenting the in vogue(p) top flipper Korean movies compared with the latest top five Chinese movies, reviewing the previous research findings and performing box-office performance analysis in the captured period. This will give knowledge as to how the Korean film industry has impacted the population of China.It also aims to analyze the factors that have led to the Korean fever, and to what terminus have the Chinese been influenced as the Korean traditions become prevalent in China, and other parts of Asia.The theater of operations of the research will mainly focus on the Korean film industry, as well as the film industry of China, since the top movies produced by both the countries will be compared. The area of the research will also entangle the other Asian countries, and the Korean cinema influence on their activities.The research objectives involve analyzing the performance of the Korean movies and the impact that they have had on Asian markets, in particular, China.The research methodologyThe data in this thesis is analyzed using a variety of sources. First of all, the box office performance is analyzed over the young period, the data obtained from the Korean Film Council. The data captured from this source helped assess the market performance of the Korean films. The data is further broken down into sub-periods in ord er to evaluate the dynamics of the Korean films market performance. Finally, assume statistical techniques are used to assist our analysis.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 The Korean WaveThe Korean Wave or hallyu ( ) refers to the time period of 1990s, when Korean culture was internationally visible, not only in East Asia but even countries like United States saw a rapid surge of Korean values. Television serials, pop music, feature films and other musical forms are all part of the wave phenomenon. As the Korean wave is associated with the spread of Korean culture, it is referred as both national and a trans-national phenomenon.A great number of researched have been conducted to evaluate why and how pop culture of Korea was notable in other countries. These two regarding the success of Korean wave are distinct but not so relate to each other. When government use gross sales figures of other countries to measure the success of Korean wave, overseas consumers are considered the arb iters of Korean culture. This signifies the ironic impact of the success of Korean culture not only people in Korea but non Korean consumers are also being entertained by the Korean media. Infact, it was a Chinese journalist who coined the term Korean wave or (hanliu ?) to describe the strike effect of the rapid increase in popularity of contemporary South Korean culture as well as entertainment business in mainland China.Researchers believe that Korean wave is the interaction of many fields. The variable of pop culture existing in phenomenon of Korean wave has allowed it to be examine in cultural studys field (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008 Howard 2006). It is also studied along the dimensions of selling and business, as government, promoters and corporate agents were selling the Korean culture as a commodity in the international arena. (Cho and Kang 2005 Han and Lee 2008 Kim and others 2008 Lee, Scott, and Kim 2008). It was also evaluated as being an important concept in the politic al arena. The Korean government undertook measures like subsidizing the speak to of reediting for the international market. Such policies and regulations by government ensured that the Korean film industry expanded successfully in other countries. (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008, 28). Suddenly, Korean government started using pop star figures to attract tourists. (Yu-Shan Lin and Hwang 2008).2.2 Growth of the Korean finisIn 2003, when a Korean drama serial Winter Sonata was broadcasted by Japaneses place, it quickly became popular. Suddenly, yhe Korean mass culture gained popularity in Asian countries ( HAN, 2004124-125) along with the word Hallyu. The word Hallyu was and so associated not only with the rapid spread of Korean culture but also with the economc boom in Korea. agree to G, a researcher at SAMSUNG Economic Research Institutute, Korean wave or Hallyu was developed through four stages. In the first stage, Korean culture became popular with the increased production of films, a nd dramas. Second stage sentiency the increasing demand of products associated with the famous pop idols. In the third stage, people move on to buy Korean goods and services like electronic products which were not directly related to pop stars. People sensed a desirable impression of Korea in the fourth stage of Hallyus exploitational cycle.2.3 Changes in Korean Domestic MarketOkon Hwang and Hillary Finchum-Sung are two researchers who were concerned with the cause of Korean Wave on the local anaesthetic market. Essay written by Okon Hwang title No Korean Wave Here Western pure Music and the Changing Value System in South Korea attempts to evaluate and analyze the positive impact of changing the geological period of information on the successful involution of a countrys culture. jibe to statistics, there has been a rapid increase in the Korean TV programs exported since 1988. This growth rate of export was more evident during the spread of Korean wave and with a jerky decr ease in the exotic TV program in Korea. Since the launch of broadcasting industry in Koreas, majority of the shows broadcasted were American programs. Factors like lack of technical skills, experience and technological equipments hindered the production and the broadcast of local TV shows. The national broadcasting station of Korea was established in 1961, and since then it was mutually beneficial on foreign TV programs to fulfill the entertainment needs of the population. It was America that introduced TV sets, radio, transmitters and colored became possible when international firms gained a consensus to stop the manufacturing of homochromatic TV sets. (JOUNG AND JANG, 2000142)An audience rating survey in 1996 reflected that American programs were most popular among the Korean population. The time allotted to the broadcast of these shows increased till mid 1970s, after which more local TV programs were broadcasted. Although American TV shows like wonder women, six million dolla r man, bionic cleaning woman were very popular during 1970s, but at the same time local shows increased in quality and the audience rating for them surged rapidly. A impinge on in the import of American TV programs was not only ascribable to the improvement in production and broadcasting technology, but government regulations contributed importantly to reduce imports. An order of military government to broadcast limited number of shows resulted in a competitive race between the broadcasting post where each and every station was striving hard to increase the ratings of interior(prenominal) shows. The audience rating thereby, compelled broadcasting send to improve the quality of local shows, develop a better pedestal and acquire overlord equipments. Moreover, Asian games and Olympics held in Seoul contributed a lot in increasing the audience rating of the local programs.While Korean TV shows gained popularity in 1980s, the market share of Korean films did not increase till 199 0s. From the 200 movies that were produced during 1970s, only a few of them were able to break the records. Contrasting to the broadcasting industry, film industry produced movies since 1960s and was exposed to the stringent witness and regulations by government. The government not only swearled the production and distribution facilities of films, but the censor discussion section limited the freedom expression by controlling the content of movies. The arrangement of the law of cinema reduced the number of production firms from 70 to little than 20 and import restriction made it rugged to acquire imports without the consent of government. The year 1984 be to be a turning point for the Korean film industry. It was during this year that censorship standards and import regulations were revised. Moviemakers were able to release movies simply after filling a permission form and foreign films gained an doorway in the Korean market escalating the competition level.2.4 Changes in B roadcasting Regulations and PoliciesThe succeeding(a) section has categorized the growth of Korean broadcasting industry into five stages and explains the policies of government during those stages.In the pre-takeoff stage, the TV broadcasting was not considered very important. A small number of studios existed and number of TV viewers was also limited. despotical regimes existed in Korea during this pre-takeoff stage and throughout this time local media was used according to government objectives and mission. Only those dramas and movies were broadcasted which were I n line with the aims of the government. The interests of state were cherished more than the interests of public (KWAK 2009). The government controlled the entry, the content and the distribution channels as well. The laws such as practice outline, administrative advice and purification of the broadcast ensured that government controlled each and every stage of broadcasting from production to distribution of movies a nd dramas. In 1945, the Japanese movies, music and dramas were banned in Korea which compelled local broadcasting stations to improve the local dramas.During the transition from pre-take off to take off 1 stage, the broadcasting stations expanded rapidly, and government started imposing rules and regulations. The government control was also backed up by the military control of the government. In the takeoff stage 2, all stations were unified into two networks. In the maturity stage, the democratization of politics greatly stirred the cultural industry. m adeptymaking(prenominal) broadcaster entered the industry and government viewed this industry as a potential drop one in terms of keep the economy. at that place was a reassign in paradigm and government undertook several policies in 1990 to support the industry. These includeOwnership for commercial broadcastingOutsourcing production programs was allowedHuman resource cookery of broadcasting professionalParticipation in trad e fairs was encouragedA broadcast video industry promotion plan was introducedAll these policies support the broadcasting industry to move from the maturity to the blowup stage.2.4.1 Effects of These PoliciesThe control of foreign flow of information and the supporting policies contributed immensely to the growth of the cultural industry. Allowing the outsourcing of production programs meant that there an increase in the independent production companies which created a competitive environment causing different station to find slipway to increase the quality and standard of services if they were to remain in the industry. The infra organise facilities back up the growth of small firms which handled operation for the independent companies. The ban of Japanese programs turn up as an incentive for the local producers.However, some other government policies like increasing the participation in trade fairs was not utile as many negotiations were done outside the fair. The direct fina ncial supported did not have any significant impact on the export of domestic programs as large proportion of it was given to the documentary programs.2.5 Changes in the Film IndustryThis section has grouped the development of film industry in four stages. The film industry existed for many years contrasted the broadcasting industry. Expanding the domestic market size of film industry proved to be difficult because of the different economic environment of the film industry. The advertisements were the most important source of revenue for the broadcasting industry thereby it was related to economic development of country. However, the source of revenue for the film industry was sales in box office and for that it was necessary to produce some block buster movies.In the pre- takeoff stage, government introduce law of cinema to support the industry. It believed that it was important to increase the size of production companies and for that it restricted the entry in film industry. It became essential for companies to have a certain amount of production facilities and equipments before they could enter. Moreover the policies related to censorship made it difficult to export film in foreign countries.In the take off stage, theatre entrance fees was increased, which contributed to the expansion of market size. Although the strict policies of censor existed as well as other governments controls, still the market was seen to expand with however the increase in entrance fees. In 1984, when restrictions were removed, the film industry moved to the maturity stage with number of film companies increasing, talented people were attracted and it appealed the electronic companies as well. Foreign distribution companies entered the local market, increasing the standard of competition. In the expansion stage, the quality of Korean movies increased significantly and various Korean movies won international awards.2.5.1 Effects of these changesThe introduction of screen quota sy stem ensured that a certain budget and screening time was allocated to movies. The educational support by Korean Academy of Film Arts supported the industry by providing talented actors. Indirect financial system such as loans proved to be an incentive for moviemakers. The foreign distribution policies such as supporting filmmakers to participate in international festivals helped in making global networks.2.6 official Effects of the Korean WaveAs mentioned above, Korean government contributed a lot towards the development of the Korean wave. The government aided the media industries, broadcasting stations and networks to expand and promote the Korean pop culture internationally. The main aim behind this action was to boost up the Korean economy and develop a positive national image. The government was successful in achieving both of the aims.Korean pop stars attracted attention of viewers all over the world. Korean government took advantage of their increasing popularity and used t hem to gain attention for other commercial sectors such as the tourism sector of Korea. The success of TV drams like Winter Sonata attracted tourist from around the world who visited Korea especially to see places where this drama was filmed. Businesses like travel agents were also taking advantage of the positioning by customizing the themes of group tours according to the themes of different dramas for e.g. a tour was coroneted Best of Korean drama trailer deluxe tour. bulge out idols or drama stars revolutionized the consumer culture of Korea. Food and fashion trends (including make-up, clothing) were changing and consumers all over Korea were suddenly following their favorite drama stars. Theses consumers called themselves the members of Korean tribe. Consumers not only imitated the fashion style of their idols but went ahead to look like their idols with the help of plastic surgery. The posters and pictures of Korean stars were seen everywhere, from backpacks to notebooks and the wall.For example, Inlingua School in Singapore reported a 60% increase in the number of students willing to chink Korean in 2003 as compared to 2001 because of the attention generated by Korean movies and dramas. close every organization in the Korean economy benefitted from Korean wave. dad stars were used to sell different goods and service. Celebrity endorsements were used extensively to promote superior brand image. Pop idols took advantage of their gaining popularity through several means. According to news, Actor Kwon Sang Woo charged $200 for some seats at a fan meeting in Tokyo. Tickets were also auctioned online for as much as $500. Moreover, according to a match making service, the government agency of pop stars as being romantic lovers led to the perception Korean men were generally like that in real life as well. It was callable to this fact that more than 6400 female required match making services to find suitable Korean lover for them.The impact of the Korean wave was not only limited to the Korean economy, but it affected the lives of pop idols themselves. After Korean wave, Korean male celebrities like Bae Yong Joon were one of the highest paid actors in the worldwide film industry.There are some positive impacts associated with the consideration of Korean wave as a international phenomenon. Apart from earning foreign currency for the local economy, it helped in improving the foreign relations of Korea. Korea had a long history of diplomatic frictions with the neighboring countries. Korean soldiers fought against the Liberation Army of Vietnam and it established ties with Beijing in 1992 at the cost of its relations with Taipei.2.7 Negative Effects of the Korean WaveKorean wave has been criticized due to several reasons. It isbelieved that it was introduction of foreign films in Korean cinemas that exist the Korean culture. According to a Chinese news magazine, government of South Korea was representing its culture as the essence of Asian culture. Before the Korean wave, clear music has been a part of cultural accomplishments and was a source of overcharge for the Korean population. But after the Korean wave, classical music and culture was suddenly replaced by the pop culture. Increasing Demand for the pop culture was no longer considered a problem and government exported it to foreign countries. There was an overall change in the conceptual framework as the Ministry of Sports and tourism promoted venues and advertising campaigns by incorporating classical and pop culture. Finchum-Sung explained how the dynamics of these new measures resulted in the formation of new form of cultural production.The neighbouring countries of Korea undertook several measures to protect their own entertainment industry. Chinese media limited the amount of time for the broadcast of Korean dramas. The government of Vietnam also jeopardise to ban Korean shows if the number of Vietnamese shows on Korean television was not increased . Taiwan also considered adjustment the foreign shows played on national television. All these examples prove that countries were retaliating against the success of Korean wave.2.8 The Korean Wave in China and JapanThe development of the Korean wave phenomenon was most evident in China and Japan because of several reasons. The culture of Korea, China and Japan are very similar to each other. the Korean wave initially began in China, which is the most magnetic and profitable market for the Korean products. Japan also happens to be the biggest consumer market of Asia.According to Jung, Japanese TV dramas were creatively transformed for the production of Korean dramas which contributed immensely to the increasing popularity of Korean dramas among young people all over Asia, including Japan and China (Iwabuchi 2008, 153). In fact the concept of Korean wave has generated a new dimension in the one way flow of globalization and researchers have been forced to revise it (Kim Sujeong 2009 Jeon and Yoon 2005).Korean wave is an appropriate example of mutual circulation of cultural values between the non- horse opera countries. It questions the existing theories relating to the tone that information flows from western to non-western countries. According to the imperialism theory, capitalist societies of west have threatened the growth of non-western cultures and have homogenized them. (Schiller, 1976, 1991 Hamelink, 1983 Mattelart, 1984). Even during 1970s the unilateral structure of information flow was based on dependency theory suggesting that information was sent by First World countries and received by ordinal World countries. In 1980s, some new approaches developed with the growth of media in Korea. These new approaches extended the application of imperialism domination to the field of communication technology.However, this was also criticized by researchers, (Tomlinson, 1989 Friedman, PieterseHall) according to whom the information was not exchanged unilatera lly. The imperialism theory was then replaced by globalization, which promoted a greater understanding of diverse cultures. (Friedman, 267. Pieterse also argues that the impact of non-western culture on west should not be ignored (Pieterse, 3079). The growth of global television in 1990s contributed significantly to flow of information from Asian economies to western economies. (Barker, 1999). As the media in Asian markets grew, western TV programs were import to these nations while at the same time TV programs of these nations were exported to western countries. Therefore Chan (2000) addressed that China could be a centre of this unparalleled mass cultural expansion in Asian regions.2.9 Factors Supporting the Korean Wave in ChinaThere are many contextual and textual factors that are thought by researchers to have facilitated the rapid expansion of the Korean wave in China. Contextual factors are all those which consist of the wider aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as the various changes in China which helped in the diffusion of Korean culture in China. These factors include the relationship between China and Korea, the cultural exchange in Asia, the reforms in the Chinese culture industry and the Chinese audience. On the other hand, the textual aspect has more to do with the strength of the Korean drama and includes factors like the similarity between the cultures of the two countries (resulting in an emotional involvement) and the fact that the Chinese audience see the Korean cinema as a miscellanea of traditional values with modern style, which adds to its appeal.2.9.1 Contextual FactorsContextual factors consist of wide aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as varied changes in China, which supported the diffusion of Korean culture in china.Sino-Korean relations and cultural exchange within AsiaThere have been historical and geographical connections between China andKorea. The relations between both the countries have been strained since t he commie regime. However in 1992, diplomatic relations improved leading to superior economic and cultural ties. Due to its open policy, china has always permitted the expansion of foreign culture in its region. Many cultures like Japanese, and Taiwan were imported to China. By 1990s, Korean culture also started spreading rapidly in China. China has been a hub of Confucianism for many years.Socialist culture was not a source of satisfaction for Chinese people.Western culture was also not popular among Chinese people. They did not accept Japanese culture as well, and the roots of these sentiments were embedded in historical Japanese invasion of china. It is believed that Chinese people were looking for their identities when Korean culture was introduced in China. Chinese people had anti-Japan and anti-war sentiments but no anti- Korea sentiments existed. In fact Korean culture was perceived as a favourable culture, with a lot of talented people.Chinese cultural industryThe cultural m arket of China has always been highlighted due to its open policies. These

Artistic Expression in 18th and 19th Century America :: American America History

Artistic Expression in 18th and 19th light speed AmericaThe first settlers in the new-made World faced irregular hardships. The men of the Virginia colony had enough trouble learning to live out the land, let alone having to defend themselves from native attacks. Famine proved to be a hard obstacle to conquer for all of the new colonies. New England, while having a more suitable climate for the prevention of diseases, in addition had its conflicts with local tribes. The Puritan ideals of New England were very strict especially in regard to private indulgences, including artifice. The only type of art that was acceptable, were portraits, nearly exclusively of upper class citizens and clergy. Through the years leading up to the revolution, however, as the population became diversified, new ideas started to influence popular thought. There were legion(predicate) an otherwise(prenominal) different cultures coexisting as fountainhead as different friendly classes. However, as was the standard in Europe, only the upper class state were part of the art world.Look at paintings from the per revolutionary era, including The mason Children David, Joanna, Abigail, (unknown artist), Hanna Minot Moody (Joseph Badger), New England Merchant (Charles W. Peale), Portrait of Elizabeth, The Artists Daughter (John Singleton Copley), we notice many similarities among them. As stated previously, they are all portraits. All of the subjects are portrayed in very fine clothes and are obviously represent for the painting. Most of these works have little or nothing at all in the background. One gets a very cold and infertile feeling when looking at these, and they are most certainly mean not for artistic flavor but simply to record the image. As late as 1800, owing to the limited economy of the Colonies as well as the Puritans prejudice against idolatry and their regard for art as a luxury, portraiture was the only accepted form of expression in painting. (Bazin 341).In th e period following the American Revolution up to the turn of the eighteenth century, we start to see some subtle soon enough significant changes in the popular artwork. We can see a untold bolder use of color and background, as in C.W. Peales Benjamin and Eleanor Ridgely Laming (1788) and Mather brownishs Sir Richard Arkwright (1790). Emotion is shown of the faces of the subjects and Ralph Earl showed the Striker Sisters (1787) with their arms around each other and pleasant, happy smiles on their faces. Mr. Peales work shows the physical attraction betwixt Benjamin and Eleanor.

Modernist Opera :: Modernism Music Art Opera Essays

Modernist Opera Modernism, a major artistic movement of the first half of the twentieth century, is traditionally a classification of the visual liberal arts, including such schools as Abstraction, Impressionism, and Expressionism. In architecture, too, was Modernism recognized, in the work of people like Frank Lloyd Wright. Even in literature, with the increase use of symbolism, Modernism was an influence. Modernists in all of these art forms are consciously engaged in the expansion of the boundaries of their art, and in asking their audiences to reject the place quo, both of the art and of some aspect of society or floriculture the art form addresses. When faced with a discussion about the opening move of the existence of Modernist opera, classificationists around the world can be heard coughing quietly into their drink and muttering something vague about having somewhere else to be. Until recently, opera and Modernism were two terms rarely, if ever, heard together . The large amount of knowledge that has been devoted to the study of Modernism and its principles has not been extended with the same zipper to include its application to opera. Questions have been raised about whether it is even practical to define Modernist opera, and few have attempted such a feat. I confess some confusion as to why the issue raises such difficulties. An examination of just three of the operas written in the time period, Richard Strausss Salome, Alban Bergs Wozzeck, and Kurt Weills The Threepenny Opera, shows us that a motley of Modernism is not inappropriate to the genre. Like the visual and literary arts of the time, these operas are attempting to redefine their genre and to bring public awareness both to the possibilities of the genre and to societal issues. Perhaps I will begin my disputation about the suitability of a category of Modernist opera with a piffling disclaimer. It is important to note that, as far as opera is concerned, at tha t place is no definite boundary between pre-Modernist works and Modernism itself. hotshot can argue that Wagners attempts in the nineteenth century to line opera into something new are examples of an early Modernist inclination. Wagner had new ideas so considerable that he had to build his own theatre to house them. His interest in revolutionary politics and in the philosophical ideas of great thinkers like Nietzsche is sure unique for opera composers prior to the twentieth century.